Revision oh no oh dear

Question 1

Phytochrome

Answer 1

Pigment, P(r) to P(fr) in red light, involved in photoperiod detection

Question 2

Phototropism & associated pigment

Answer 2

Growth towards light, with phototropin, only to blue light

Question 3

Stem elongation hormones

Answer 3

Auxin, brassinosteroids, gibberellins

Question 4

Apical dominance hormones

Answer 4

Auxin, Cytokinins

Question 5

Seed germination hormones

Answer 5

Cytokinins, Gibberellins

Question 6

Expansins

Answer 6

Protein that breaks apart cell wall microfibrils for plant cell expansion.

Question 7

Types of plant immune responses

Answer 7

PAMP-triggered; localised production of broad spectrum compounds
Effector-triggered:
- Hypersensitive response, local & involves cell death
- System-acquired resistance

Question 8

Types of mycorrhizal associations

Answer 8

Ectomycorrhizae (apoplast)
Arbuscular mycorrhizae (still apoplast but much more intimate)

Question 9

Megasporophyll & Microsporophyll

Answer 9

Carpel & Stamen

Question 10

Female gametophytes/megaspores/egg sac

Answer 10

Big central cell with small egg cell & other cells at the poles.

Question 11

Male gametophyte/pollen

Answer 11

Tube cell with generative cell within.
Generative cell divides into 2 sperm cells after pollination.

Question 12

Integument

Answer 12

Layer around megasporangium that forms seed coat

Question 13

Apomixis

Answer 13

Asexual production of seed

Question 14

Etiolation

Answer 14

Plant adaptations to darkness

Question 15

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 15

q = 1 - p
p^2 + q^2 + 2pq = 1 when there are two alleles for a gene

Question 16

Three types of natural selection

Answer 16

Directional, Stabilizing & Disruptive

Question 17

Allopatric vs Sympatric speciation

Answer 17

Allopatric - geological separation
Sympatric - no geological separation

Question 18

Allopolyploidy

Answer 18

Very fast way (in plants) to get new species
Hybrid plant with single set of chromosomes has a wrong mitosis which leads to a double set of chromosomes. Ends up with a LOT of chromosomes!

Question 19

GPP, NPP & NEP

Answer 19

Gross primary production - Amount from light to energy
Net primary production - Take away energy used by autotrophs for respiration
Net ecosystem production - Total biomass gain in entire ecosystem

Question 20

Production efficiency

Answer 20

Percentage of ASSIMILATED energy used for growth/reproduction in a single organism

Question 21

Ammonifying, Nitrifying, Nitrogen fixing

Answer 21

Nitrogen fixing: N2 in air -> NH4+
Ammonifying: amino acids -> NH4+
Nitrifying: NH4+ -> NO2- -> NO3-

Question 22

Ecotone

Answer 22

Area where biomes merge

Question 23

Aquatic zones (saltwater)

Answer 23

• Photic vs Aphotic
• Benthic
• Neritic (shore)
  Also Thermocline exists

Question 24

Aquatic zones (freshwater)

Answer 24

• Photic vs Aphotic
• Benthic again
• Littoral (shore) vs limnetic (open water)

Question 25

Phases of Calvin cycle

Answer 25

1. Fixation - 3CO2 -> 3RuBP through Rubisco, split into two chains 2. Reduction - Each chain uses 1ATP + 1NADPH to make G3P 3. Restoration - 3ATP to make 3 RuBP

Question 26

Inputs required for ONE net G3P

Answer 26

9ATP + 6NADPH + 6CO2

Question 27

Number of G3P per glucose

Answer 27

2!

Question 28

Opsonisation

Answer 28

Antibodies bonding promoting phagocytosis of the pathogen

Question 29

Type of chlorophyll a in each photosystem

Answer 29

Photosystem II has P680 Photosystem I has P700

Question 30

Amphipatic

Answer 30

Molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

Question 31

One turn of Kreb's cycle

Answer 31

2 Carbons enter in Acetyl CoA & 2 leave as 2CO2 - 1 ATP made per "turn" - 3NADH & 1FADH2 made 2 'turns' per glucose

Question 32

Innate vs Adaptive immune system (pathogen recognition)

Answer 32

Innate - recognises proteins shared by a group of pathogens, eg all bacteria flagellum Adaptive - recognises specific antigens

Question 33

Innate immune system cells

Answer 33

- Macrophages + Neutrophils - Dendritic cells - Eosinophils - Mast cells - Natural killer cells

Question 34

Cytokines vs Cytokinins

Answer 34

Cytokines - Immune system proteins (in animals) Cytokinins - Plant hormone

Question 35

B cell vs T cell antigen receptors

Answer 35

B cell - 2 heavy + 2 light chains T cell - a + B chain Both have C & V regions of each chain

Question 36

Class I vs Class II MHC

Answer 36

Class I - displayed by infected cells who are then killed by cytotoxic T cells. Class II - displayed by lymphocytes & dendritic cells to activate lymphocytes.

Question 37

Plasma cells

Answer 37

"Active" form of B cells

Question 38

Bohr shift

Answer 38

Haemoglobin has lower affinity for Oxygen in acidic environment - HCO3.