Revision oh no oh dear Flashcards
Phytochrome
Pigment, P(r) to P(fr) in red light, involved in photoperiod detection
Phototropism & associated pigment
Growth towards light, with phototropin, only to blue light
Stem elongation hormones
Auxin, brassinosteroids, gibberellins
Apical dominance hormones
Auxin, Cytokinins
Seed germination hormones
Cytokinins, Gibberellins
Expansins
Protein that breaks apart cell wall microfibrils for plant cell expansion.
Types of plant immune responses
PAMP-triggered; localised production of broad spectrum compounds
Effector-triggered:
- Hypersensitive response, local & involves cell death
- System-acquired resistance
Types of mycorrhizal associations
Ectomycorrhizae (apoplast)
Arbuscular mycorrhizae (still apoplast but much more intimate)
Megasporophyll & Microsporophyll
Carpel & Stamen
Female gametophytes/megaspores/egg sac
Big central cell with small egg cell & other cells at the poles.
Male gametophyte/pollen
Tube cell with generative cell within.
Generative cell divides into 2 sperm cells after pollination.
Integument
Layer around megasporangium that forms seed coat
Apomixis
Asexual production of seed
Etiolation
Plant adaptations to darkness
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
q = 1 - p
p^2 + q^2 + 2pq = 1 when there are two alleles for a gene
Three types of natural selection
Directional, Stabilizing & Disruptive
Allopatric vs Sympatric speciation
Allopatric - geological separation
Sympatric - no geological separation
Allopolyploidy
Very fast way (in plants) to get new species
Hybrid plant with single set of chromosomes has a wrong mitosis which leads to a double set of chromosomes. Ends up with a LOT of chromosomes!
GPP, NPP & NEP
Gross primary production - Amount from light to energy
Net primary production - Take away energy used by autotrophs for respiration
Net ecosystem production - Total biomass gain in entire ecosystem
Production efficiency
Percentage of ASSIMILATED energy used for growth/reproduction in a single organism
Ammonifying, Nitrifying, Nitrogen fixing
Nitrogen fixing: N2 in air -> NH4+
Ammonifying: amino acids -> NH4+
Nitrifying: NH4+ -> NO2- -> NO3-
Ecotone
Area where biomes merge
Aquatic zones (saltwater)
- Photic vs Aphotic
- Benthic
- Neritic (shore)
Also Thermocline exists
Aquatic zones (freshwater)
- Photic vs Aphotic
- Benthic again
- Littoral (shore) vs limnetic (open water)
Phases of Calvin cycle
- Fixation - 3CO2 -> 3RuBP through Rubisco, split into two chains
- Reduction - Each chain uses 1ATP + 1NADPH to make G3P
- Restoration - 3ATP to make 3 RuBP
Inputs required for ONE net G3P
9ATP + 6NADPH + 6CO2
Number of G3P per glucose
2!
Opsonisation
Antibodies bonding promoting phagocytosis of the pathogen
Type of chlorophyll a in each photosystem
Photosystem II has P700
Photosystem I has P680
Amphipatic
Molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
One turn of Kreb’s cycle
2 Carbons enter in Acetyl CoA & 2 leave as 2CO2
- 1 ATP made per “turn”
- 3NADH & 1FADH2 made
2 ‘turns’ per glucose
Innate vs Adaptive immune system (pathogen recognition)
Innate - recognises proteins shared by a group of pathogens, eg all bacteria flagellum
Adaptive - recognises specific antigens
Innate immune system cells
- Macrophages + Neutrophils
- Dendritic cells
- Eosinophils
- Mast cells
- Natural killer cells
Cytokines vs Cytokinins
Cytokines - Immune system proteins (in animals)
Cytokinins - Plant hormone
B cell vs T cell antigen receptors
B cell - 2 heavy + 2 light chains
T cell - a + B chain
Both have C & V regions of each chain
Class I vs Class II MHC
Class I - displayed by infected cells who are then killed by cytotoxic T cells.
Class II - displayed by lymphocytes & dendritic cells to activate lymphocytes.
Plasma cells
“Active” form of B cells
Bohr shift
Haemoglobin has lower affinity for Oxygen in acidic environment - HCO3.
