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Campbell Biology > Chap 40-42 - Animals > Flashcards

Chap 40-42 - Animals Flashcards

1
Q

4 main types of animal tissue

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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2
Q

Epithelial tissue basics

A
  • An apical and a basal side
  • Can be squamous (flat sheets of cells) or columnar (cells are vertical)
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3
Q

Connective tissue structure

A

A few cells scattered through an extracellular matrix of fibres.
Fibres could be embedded in solid or liquid base.

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4
Q

Types of fibres in connective tissue (3)

A
  • Collagenous
  • Reticular
  • Elastic
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5
Q

Collagenous fibres function

A

Provide strength while being flexible.

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6
Q

Reticular fibres function

A

Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues.

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7
Q

Elastic fibres function

A

Its in the name.

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8
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Cells in connective tissue that secrete connective fibres.

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9
Q

Structure of bone

A

Consists of many microscopic units called osteons.
A dense matrix of collagen, mineralised by calcium, phosphate and magnesium.

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10
Q

Adipose cells

A

Specialised loose connective cells that store a large fat droplet in them.

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11
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
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12
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenaline

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13
Q

Set point (homeostasis)

A

The value at which a controlled variable is maintained at.
Eg. blood pH of 7.4

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14
Q

Endotherm vs Ectotherm

A

Ecto - external, environmental temperature
Endo - internal, temperature regulated itself

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15
Q

Poikilotherm vs Homeotherm

A

Poikilotherm - temperature values a lot with environment
Homeotherm - temperature mostly constant

Endotherms can be poikilothermic (eg. cold during hibernation) and ectotherms can be homeothermic (eg. in the ocean)

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16
Q

Vasodilation

A

Widening of superficial blood vessels (near body surface) to increase heat loss.

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17
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Opposite of vasodilation - decreases heat loss.

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18
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

Two fluids moving in opposite directions, maximizing diffusion of heat/molecules.

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19
Q

Countercurrent exchange in blood (thermoregulation)

A

Veins arranged near arteries.
Heat from nearby arteries diffuse into veins - veinous blood is warm when it reaches the central body & arteries lose less heat to environment when they reach extremities.

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20
Q

Metabolic rate

A

Total amount of energy an organism uses in a unit of time.

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21
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

MINIMUM metabolic rate of an endotherm who is:
- not growing
- at rest
- has an empty stomach
- not under stress
- under comfortable temperatures

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22
Q

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)

A

Metabolic rate of an ectotherm who is:
- not growing
- fasting/not digesting food
- not under stress
- at a comfortable temperature

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23
Q

BMR vs SMR

A

BMR for endotherms.
SMR for ectotherms.

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24
Q

Aestivation

A

Hibernation but Summer.

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25
Q

Bolus

A

A blob of mashed food.

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26
Q

Malnutrition vs Undernourishment

A

Malnutrition - not enough essential nutrients :C
Undernourishment - not enough calorie :C

27
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Digestive track with a mouth on one end and anus on the other.
“Opposite” to just a gastrovascular cavity like starfish.

28
Q

Peristalsis

A

Process which moves food along oesophagus/intestines.

29
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Inactive form of pepsin that chief cells in stomach secrete.

30
Q

Sphincter

A

A ring of muscle that controls the width of a tube - such as the sphincter controlling stomach contents entering the small intestine.

31
Q

Sections of small intestine

A
  • Duodenum (mainly digestion)
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
32
Q

Transport of nutrients into epithelial cells

A

Some diffuse through.
Some (amino acids & glucose) are co-transported with sodium ions.

33
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Blood vessel going from small intestine to liver.

34
Q

Insulin & Glucagon

A

Both hormones produced by pancreas.
Insulin - activates glycogen production & glucose uptake.
Glucagon - increases blood glucose by activating glycogen breakdown.

35
Q

Leptin

A

Appetite-suppressing hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells.

36
Q

Open circulatory system

A

The circulatory fluid (haemolymph) is also the interstitial fluid (around the cells).
Arthropods.

37
Q

Capillary beds

A

Networks of capillaries in tissues.

38
Q

Portal veins

A

Vessels that carry blood between capillary beds (not towards the heart).
Eg. Hepatic vein

39
Q

Single vs Double circuit circulation

A

Single circuit - in fish; blood does one loop from heart to gills to body and back.
Double circuit - in terrestrial vertebrates; blood does a loop between heart and lungs, and then a second loop into the body.

40
Q

Path of blood in mammals!

A
  1. Right atrium/ventricle
  2. Pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein
  3. Left atrium/ventricle
  4. Aorta, body capillary beds
  5. Superior or inferior vena cavae
41
Q

Systole

A

Phase in cardiac cycle where heart contracts.

42
Q

Diastole

A

Phase in cardiac cycle where heart relaxes.

43
Q

AV valves

A

Valves between atria and ventricles.

44
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Valves between ventricles and arteries.

45
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

‘Pacemaker’ in the heart.
Located in the Right Atrium.

46
Q

Endothelium

A

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells that line the inside of blood vessels.

47
Q

Mechanisms controlling blood flow in capillaries (2)

A
  1. Dilation/constriction of arterioles.
  2. Pre-capillary sphincters.
48
Q

Pancreas beta cells

A

Cells that produce insulin.
(Alpha cells are the ones that trigger insulin production)

49
Q

Composition of mammalian blood

A
  • Plasma (55%) water, ions and proteins
  • Cellular elements (45%) erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets
50
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Accumulated fats in arteries leads to Problems. (stiffening of artery, blockage, inflammation)

51
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot - formed by platelets and a mesh of fibre.

52
Q

Partial pressure (gas exchange)

A

Pressure exerted by a specific gas that is in a mix of gases.
(The amount of pressure the gas contributes to the overall pressure of the mixture)

Gas exchange depends on partial pressure not concentration of the gases.

53
Q

Surfactant

A

Surface active agent. A mix of proteins/phospholipids that alveoli produce to prevent them collapsing under surface tension.

54
Q

Positive pressure breathing

A

Air is pushed into lungs by making the oral cavity smaller with the mouth/nostrils closed. Used by frogs!

55
Q

Mammal inhalation/exhalation

A

Inhale when diaphragm & rib muscles CONTRACT.
Exhale when muscles relax.

56
Q

Lung’s double-membrane

A

One membrane around lungs, one in contact with the thoracic cavity. Fluid in-between keeps the two stuck together but allows them to slide past eachother.

57
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air inhaled/exhaled each breath.

58
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled/exhaled.

59
Q

Blood pH in mammal gas exchange

A

Medulla oblongata and the heart detect when CO2 concentration is too high through pH - CO2 makes it more acidic.

Deeper and faster breathing activated (along with faster heart rate)

60
Q

Respiratory pigments

A

Oxygen binding proteins for gas exchange;
- Haemoglobin for vertebrates/some inverts.
- Haemocyanin for blue-blooded critters.

61
Q

Structure of haemoglobin

A

4 subunits, each a polypeptide with a haem (a cofactor with an iron atom)
The units display cooperativity.

62
Q

Myoglobin

A

Oxygen-storing protein found in muscles, especially in diving animals that need to hold breath for ages.

63
Q

Bohr shift

A

Haemoglobin shifts to have less oxygen-carrying capacity in low pH conditions (such as when active tissue release more CO2)

Campbell Biology (14 decks)

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