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Campbell Biology > Chap 44-45 - Osmoregulation & Endocrine > Flashcards

Chap 44-45 - Osmoregulation & Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Osmolarity

A

Moles of solute per litre of solution.
(mOsm/L)

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2
Q

Hypo-, iso- & hyperosmotic
vs
Hypo-, iso- & hypertonic

A

-osmotic refers to the osmolarity.

-tonic refers to the cell’s response in solutions.

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3
Q

Osmoconformer

A

Organism that is isoosmotic with surroundings - seen in many marine animals.

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4
Q

Stenohaline

A

Organisms that can’t tolerate large changes in external osmolarity. Osmoregulators can be stenohaline.

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5
Q

Euryhaline

A

Organisms that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity.
Eg. barnacles in estuaries.

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6
Q

Anhydrobiosis

A

Dormant, desiccated state.
Eg. in tardigrades

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7
Q

Typical osmolarity of seawater

A

1,000 mOsm/L
or 1,00 mOsmol/kg

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8
Q

Typical osmolarity of freshwater

A

0.5-15 mOsm/L or mOsmol/kg

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9
Q

Source of nitrogenous waste in animals

A

Breaking down of molecules that contain amino groups (NH2). Specifically amino acids and nucleic acids.

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10
Q

Forms of nitrogenous waste in animals

A

Straight ammonia NH3 - fish, aquatic animals.
Urea - mammals, amphibians, some fish.
Uric acid - reptiles, birds, arthropods & terrestrial molluscs.

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11
Q

Ammonia as nitrogenous waste

A

Highly toxic since it easily converts to Ammonium (NH4+) that interferes with respiration.
Easily diffuses out of cells/highly soluble.
(Aquatic animals)

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12
Q

Urea as nitrogenous waste

A

Less toxic than NH3 but requires energy to assemble. Conserves water with an energy cost.
Produced in the liver in vertebrates.
(Mammals, amphibians, some marine fish)

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13
Q

Uric acid as nitrogenous waste

A

Least toxic, highly concentrated (lipid-soluble rather than water-soluble) conserves water/weight. But very energy expensive.
(Birds, reptiles, terrestrial inverts)

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14
Q

Filtrate

A

The fluid extracted by filtration system.

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15
Q

Steps of filtration

A
  1. Filtrate is collected - water and small molecules collected due to blood pressure.
  2. Reabsorption of valuable molecules.
  3. Secretion of more wastes into filtrate.
  4. Excretion of modified filtrate.
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16
Q

Main blood vessels supplying/draining a kidney

A

Renal artery & Renal vein.

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17
Q

Three main “layers” of tissue in a kidney

A
  • Renal cortex; where nephrons start/end.
  • Renal medulla; where nephron tubules descend into.
  • Renal pelvis; collects filtrate from nephrons.
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18
Q

Nephrons

A

Filtrating ‘units’ in kidneys.
Each has a glomerulus (capillary ball) that supplies filtrate, and tubules that process the filtrate.

19
Q

Two types of nephrons

A
  • Cortical nephrons (more common, mostly in cortex)
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons (conserves water, descends deeper)
20
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

The start of nephron tubule that encapsulates a glomerulus (the capillaries).

21
Q

Glomerulus

Pronounced “Glo-MAIR-yu-lus”

A

Ball of capillaries from a renal arteriole that creates the filtrate into nephron tubules.

22
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Middle part of nephron tubule that descends into medulla and then ascends back.
Has closely associated capillaries. Modification of filtrate happens here.

23
Q

Vasa recta

A

Capillaries that serve the loop of Henle in the renal medulla.

24
Q

Variation in osmolarity in the kidney

A

The inner layers (medulla) have much higher osmolarity than the cortex; urine becomes more concentrated as it descends into renal pelvis.

25
Q

3 main classes of hormones

A
  • Polypeptides (water-soluble)
  • Steroids (lipid-soluble)
  • Amines (water-soluble)

Also some other lipid-soluble stuff, like vitamins.

26
Q

Transport of lipid-soluble hormones

A

Bound to transport proteins which allows them to be soluble in blood.

27
Q

Structure of steroids

A
  • Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings
  • Derived from cholesterol
28
Q

Endocrine vs Paracrine signalling

A

Endocrine - into bloodstream and distributed through body.
Paracrine - into interstitial fluid and targets neighbouring cells.

29
Q

Autocrine signalling

A

The cell that releases the hormone has a response to it - regulation of its own activity.

30
Q

Neuroendocrine signalling

A

Special neurons produce the hormone, which is then brought into the bloodstream.

31
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

Oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

32
Q

Differences between Posterior vs Anterior pituitary glands

A

Posterior:
- extension of hypothalamus.
- stores hormones from hypothalamus to release when needed.

Anterior
- not nervous tissue.
- receives hormones from hypothalamus to secrete its own hormones.

33
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Hormones that are an intermediate step in a hormone cascade; they don’t cause an effect themselves, but they signal cells to produce another hormone.

34
Q

Thyroid hormone pathway

A

Hypothalamus: TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
Anterior pituitary: TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
Thyroid gland: TH (thyroid hormone)

35
Q

Adrenal gland structure

A
  • Located above kidneys (ad-renal)
  • Outer cortex has true endocrine cells
  • Inner medulla is derived from nerve tissue
36
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones & triggering stimulus

A

Adrenaline & Noradrenaline
- Stimulated by nerve signals from brain

37
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones & triggering stimulus

A

A range of different corticosteroids that maintain blood homeostasis in response to low glucose/shock/bleeding.
- Stimulated by tropic hormones from brain

38
Q

Effects of adrenaline/epinephrine

A
  • Raise blood glucose levels
  • Raise blood pressure & metabolic rate
  • Faster/deeper breathing & heartbeats
  • Diverts blood flow
39
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Secreted by posterior pituitary.
Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys.

40
Q

Androgens

A

Steroid hormones that promote male characteristics.
Includes testosterone.

41
Q

Oestrogens vs Progesterone

A

Oestrogens - Steroid hormones that promote female characteristics.
Progesterone - Contributes to menstrual cycle.

42
Q

Oestradiol

A

The main oestrogen in mammals.

43
Q

Gonadotropins

A

Hormones that control production of the main sex hormones.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) & Follicle-stimulating hormone (LSH)

Campbell Biology (14 decks)

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