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Campbell Biology > Chapter 6 - Cell basics > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Cell basics Flashcards

1
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex formed from DNA and proteins like histones that keep it together

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2
Q

Three domains

A

Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea

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3
Q

Structure of phospholipids

A

A phosphate and two fatty acids bonded to a glycerol in the centre.

Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails.

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4
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane; pores span across both membranes.

There is also the lamina, protein structure that lines the inside of the envelope to hold its shape.

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5
Q

Structure and function of nucleolus

A

Structure in nucleus, not membrane bound.

Makes rRNA, which binds with proteins from cytoplasm to make ribosome subunits.

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6
Q

Free vs bound ribosomes

A

Free ribosomes float around - make proteins used in cytoplasm

Bound ribosomes stuck to ER - make proteins that will be put into membranes/organelles

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7
Q

Components of endomembrane system

A

EVERY MEMBRANE pretty much.

Nuclear envelope, golgi apparatus, ER, vesicles/lysosomes/vacuoles, plasma membrane

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8
Q

Structure of ER

A

The inner cavity, the lumen, is held in a the sacs/tubules called cisternae.

ER membrane is continuous with nuclear envelope, and the lumen is continuous with the inner gap in the envelope.

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9
Q

Functions of smooth ER

A

makes lipids, such as phospholipids and steroids/hormonesmetabolise carbohydratespumps calcium into the lumen, which is released as part of actions like muscle contractionsdetoxification with enzymes

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10
Q

Smooth ER detoxification

A

Enzymes in the SER detoxify some drugs, such as barbiturates and alcohols.
They often add hydroxyl groups to the drug to make it water soluble (easier to get rid of)

If large amounts of drug is present, more SER would be made in the cells, which increases resistance to them.

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11
Q

Rough ER functions

A

production of proteins that will be secreted out of the cellmembrane factory! phospholipids and membrane proteins are produced and anchored into the RER right as they are made there. this expands the RER and sections of it can be transferred to act as membranes for other organelles.

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12
Q

Rough ER production of secretory proteins

A

Ribosomes bound to the RER make these proteins, and the polypeptide chain goes into the lumen as they are made.Polypeptide chain folds into shape in the lumen, where enzymes can attach the carbohydrate sections onto the chain to make glycoproteins.Bubbles of lumen bud off from the transitional ER. These form vesicles that transport them out.

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13
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins that are covalently bonded to carbohydrates.

Most secretory proteins are glycoproteins.

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14
Q

Functions of Golgi apparatus

A

Products from ER arrive and are modified; glycoproteins have sugars changed in their carbohydrates.Polysaccharides, such as pectin, are made here

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15
Q

Transport away from Golgi apparatus

A

Molecules can be attached to the products within the vesicle or onto the vesicle membrane, which helps target them to ‘dock’ in certain destinations in the cell.Vesicles that transport things out of the cell will fuse with the plasma membrane, where the vesicle membrane then becomes part of the plasma membrane.
Some vesicles move back to the cis side to bring enzymes there.

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16
Q

Cisternal maturation model

A

A theory that the cisternae in the Golgi apparatus move and progress from the cis to the trans side.New research suggests the centre of the apparatus stays put while the outside is more dynamic.

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17
Q

Structure of lysosomes

A

Membrane boundAcidic pH for enzyme functionHydrolytic enzymes (enzymes that break down other molecules using water)

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18
Q

Vacoules and lysosomes are both made by ___ and ____

A

ER and Golgi apparatus

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19
Q

Vacuole functions
(small vacoules, not the central vacuoles of plant cells)

A

Food vacuoles from phagocytosis.Storage of toxins (for protection), pigments, and organic compounds like proteins.Freshwater unicellular organisms use vacuoles to get rid of excess water.probably way more that we aren’t taught

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20
Q

Function of central vacuole
(only in plant cells)

A

Stores inorganic ions.Important for growth; the vacuole absorbs a lot of water, so the plant cell can expand outwards while keeping a high ratio of surface area to cytoplasm volume. Mature plant cells are pretty much all vacuole with a tiny amount of cytoplasm at the sides.

21
Q

Serial endosymbiont theory

A

The theory that mitochondria and plastids originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell.

See also endosymbiosis

22
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

Two membranes.Intermembrane space and the matrix.Enzymes used in respiration are either floating in the matrix or embedded in the inner membrane.

23
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A

Double membrane on the outside, separating the intermembrane space and the stromaGrana made of stacks of thylakoids (interconnected ‘sacs’)Free ribosomes and chloroplast DNA are found in the stroma.Like mitochondria, are dynamic; they’re mobile, can pinch into multiple to reproduce

24
Q

Peroxisome

A

An organelle that performs various functions by taking away Hydrogens from molecules to fuse with Oxygen.
Eg:Breaking down fatty acids into smaller molecules for respiration.Detoxification of poisonous compounds.
Peroxisomes make H2O2 in the process, which is then converted into water with enzymes within the organelle.

25
Q

Functions of (eukaryotic) cytoskeleton
(4 total)

A

Pathways for organelles (such as vesicles) to travel along. (proteins attach vesicles to the cytoskeleton and it can move along the path)Provides structure for the cell, and anchors some organelles in place.Attaches with motor proteins to move the entire cell around the tissue.Can bend the plasma membrane inwards for phagocytosis.

26
Q

Components of the cytoskeleton
(3 types of filaments)

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

27
Q

Functions of microtubules of cytoskeleton
(4 bullet points)

A

Maintains cell shape.Pathways for organelles to move on.Moves chromosomes during cell division.Structure and movement for flagella and cilia.

28
Q

Structure of microtubules (part of cytoskeleton)

A

Two types of tubulin proteins form a dimer that coils into a hollow tube.One end of the tubule is the ‘plus’ end that that grow longer or disassemble really fast.
Microtubules in animal cells grow out from the centrosome. Two centrioles, which are perpendicular to each other, make up the centrosome. Each centriole has a lot of tubules that the cytoskeleton expands from.

29
Q

Structure of centrosomes (part of cytoskeleton in animal cells)

A

Found near the nucleus.Consists of two centrioles, perpendicular to each other.Centrioles are a ring of nine ‘triplets’ of microtubules (37 microtubules per centriole). Microtubules of the cytoskeleton expand out from these centrioles

30
Q

Structure of cilia and flagella
(microtubules)

A

A microtubule skeleton with plasma membrane around it.9 pairs of tubules arranged in a ring. Additional 2 microtubules in the centre of flagella/motile cilia.Microtubules connected by flexible proteins.Motor proteins (dyneins) attach to the microtubule pairs.Tubules in the outer ring are anchored to basal body at the base of the flagellum/cilium. (basal body has similar structure to centrioles)

31
Q

Cortex

A

In eukaryotes, the outer parts of the cytoplasm underneath cell membrane.
Is more gel-like (less fluid) than inner cytoplasm, because of microfilaments.

32
Q

Structure of microfilaments

A

Two strands of actin proteins are intertwined into a very thin cord.Proteins can attach to the side of cords and allow a new branch to form.

33
Q

Function of microfilaments
(part of the cytoskeleton)

A

bear tension.create a network near the plasma membrane to form the cortex that maintains cell shape.aids in changes in cell shape. (muscle contraction is when filaments are pulled together, and protists/white blood cells move through local contractions in the cell)in plant cells, creates movement of cytoplasm to move organelles and nutrients.

34
Q

Intermediate filaments
(part of cytoskeleton)

A

varies in size and the protein used to make them.stronger and permanent compared to microtubules and microfilaments.encases the nucleus; also forms the lamina within nuclear envelope.only found in certain animal groups.

35
Q

Primary vs secondary cell walls

A

Primary is outside of secondary.Primary cell walls are made when the cell is young. Secondary only in older cells.Primary is much thinner and more flexible than secondary.

36
Q

Structure of cell walls

A

‘strong fibres in a ground substance’Microfibrils of cellulose (a polysaccharide) is excreted.A matrix of proteins and other polysaccharides secures the cellulose.

37
Q

Middle lamena
(only in plants)

A

A layer of pectins between the walls of a plant’s cells. Sticks things together.

38
Q

Collagen

A

Glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix; it forms strong fibres outside the cells.
40% of the proteins in a person is collagen!

39
Q

Proteoglycan

A

A subclass of glycoprotein that has A LOT of carbohydrates covalently bonded to a ‘core’ protein. (may be up to 95% carb)
Found in the extracellular matrix of animals.

40
Q

Integrin

A

A protein embedded in the plasma membrane.Attached to microfilaments inside the cell.Attached to the extracellular matrix on the outside of the cell.Facilitates communication between the inside and outside of the cell.

41
Q

Fibronectin

A

One of the proteins that attach cells to the extracellular matrix.
Bonds with the ECM on one side and integrins on the other.

42
Q

Structure of extracellular matrix
(only in animals)

A

A ‘mesh’ surrounding animal cells.Made of glycoproteins, proteoglycans and polysaccharides.Attached to cells via integrins.

43
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Channels in plant cell cell walls that connect the cytosol of neighbouring cells.

44
Q

Types of junctions that connect animal cells
(3 total)

A

Tight junctionDesmosomeGap junction

45
Q

Tight junction
(animal cells only)

A

Proteins press plasma membranes tightly together. Creates a seal between cells; prevents fluids leaking, for example.

46
Q

Desmosomes
(animal cells only)

A

A protein complex.
In neighbouring cells, plaques in both membranes are attached closely with ‘linker proteins’ that span the intercellular space. Membrane plaques are secured by intermediate filaments in the cells.

47
Q

Gap junctions
(animal cells only)

A

A protein channel between two cells; small molecules can pass through.

48
Q

Nucleosome

A

A ‘ball’ of DNA wrapped around 8 histones. This wrapping condenses DNA to help it fit and not get damaged in the nucleus.
DNA is unwound from nucleosomes for transcription into mRNA.

49
Q

Structure of ribosomes

A

MASSIVE complex.consists of a small and a large ‘subunits’.has 4 ribosomal mRNA molecules and more than 80 proteins overall.

Campbell Biology (14 decks)

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