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Campbell Biology > Chap 38-39 - Plant reproduction and responses > Flashcards

Chap 38-39 - Plant reproduction and responses Flashcards

1
Q

Sporophyte

A

Asexual diploid phase, produces haploid spores.

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2
Q

Gametophyte

A

Sexual haploid phase, produces diploid zygotes.

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3
Q

Transgenes

A

Genes transferred from another organism, through genetic engineering or otherwise.

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4
Q

Receptacle

A

Base of flower, where it attaches.

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5
Q

Structure of carpel

A

Ovary at the base. Long slender style with a sticky stigma on top.
Often many fused together, with a compound ovary of multiple chambers.
Carpels are sporophylls.

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6
Q

Structure of stamen

A

The anther on top of the filament stalk.
Microsporangia (pollen sacs) are within the anther.

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7
Q

Unisexual or imperfect flowers

A

Flowers of only one sex, lacking either stamen or carpel.

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8
Q

Inflorescence

A

Clusters of flowers, such as in dandelions.

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9
Q

Megasporophyll vs microsporophyll

A

Megasporophyll is the carpel.
Microsporophyll is the stamen.

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10
Q

Megasporangium

A

Located in ovules. Produces multiple megaspores. One survives and becomes a female gametophyte. The megasporangium then withers.

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11
Q

Microsporangium

A

In the anther. Produces microspores that develops into male gametophytes.

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12
Q

Female gametophyte

A

Contains a large central cell, a small egg cell, and multiple other small cells.

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13
Q

Male gametophyte

A

Pollen grains. Contains a tube cell and a generative cell inside of it. Generative cell divides into 2 sperm after pollination.

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14
Q

Pollen tube

A

When a pollen grain lands on the stigma, a pollen tube elongates through the style into an ovule to transport the sperm.

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15
Q

Double fertilisation

A

One sperm fertilises the egg cell to form a zygote.
One fertilises the female gametophyte’s central cell, which will form the endosperm.

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16
Q

Integument

A

Layer of protective sporophytic tissue around the megasporangium, develops into seed coat.

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17
Q

Embryo sac

A

Another name for female gametophytes.

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18
Q

Cotyledon

A

First leaf.

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19
Q

Imbibition

A

Uptake of water by a seed.

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20
Q

Pericarp

A

The main “body” of fruit; formed from ovary walls.

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21
Q

Classifications of fruit (4)

A
  • Simple (as in a pea)
  • Aggregate (raspberry)
  • Multiple (pineapple)
  • Accessory (pears)
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22
Q

Simple fruit

A

From a single carpel or fused carpels. Your typical textbook case of fruit development.

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23
Q

Aggregate fruit

A

Multiple simple fruits (from multiple separate carpels) together from one flower.
Eg. Mulberry

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24
Q

Multiple fruit

A

Many flowers (from an inflorescence) each develop into fruit; the fruits then fuse together. Eg. Fig

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25
Q

Accessory fruit

A

The fruit doesn’t develop from the ovary walls - may be stem or receptacle, for example.
Eg. Apple, strawberry

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26
Q

Apomixis

A

Production of seeds but asexually, creating a cloned embryo.

27
Q

Self-incompatibility

A

Ability of a plant to reject pollen from itself or from closely related plants.

28
Q

S-genes

A

Genes involved in self-incompatibility.

If the pollen’s S-gene allele is the same as the flower’s, the pollen is rejected.

29
Q

Gametophytic self-incompatibility

A

Arises from the pollen grain’s genome - if its allele is the same as one of the carpel’s alleles, the pollen’s RNA is destroyed.

30
Q

Sporophytic self-incompatibility

A

Arises from sporophytic tissue on the outside of the pollen wall. The allele carried within the pollen doesn’t matter.

31
Q

Totipotent

A

Describes any cell that can regenerate into a clone of its original organism.
Found in plants, flatworms, etc.

32
Q

Callus (in plants)

A

A blob of dividing, non-differentiated cells at the site of a wound.

33
Q

Etiolation

“EE - tee - oh - LAtion)

A

Adaptations for growing in darkness.
Eg. pale stems

34
Q

Phytochrome

A

A type of photoreceptor, mostly red/far-red light.
Involved in de-etiolation, located in cytoplasm.

35
Q

Second messengers involved in de-etiolation. (2)

A

Ca2+ and cGMP.
Both produced when phytochrome is activated. The two activate different transcription factors.

36
Q

Post-translational modification

A

Mechanism where a signal pathway alters a protein’s function.
Eg. phosphorylation of the next protein in transduction.

37
Q

Transcriptional regulation

A

Mechanism where a signal pathway changes transcription factors to create a cellular response.

38
Q

Auxin & Brassinosteroids

A

Hormones that stimulate stem elongation, among many other things.
Auxin promotes lateral & adventitious roots!

39
Q

Plant growth regulator vs Plant hormone

A

Interchangeable terms.
“growth regulator” is used since the definition for hormone is a little narrow and animal-specific.

40
Q

Abscission

A

Shedding or cutting away part of an organism, usually a plant.
Eg. leaves falling in Autumn.

41
Q

Ctyokinins

A

Hormones that regulate growth in shoots/roots, cell differentiation, apical dominance. Stimulates seed germination.

42
Q

Gibberellins

A

Hormones that stimulate stem elongation, pollen/fruit development, and seed germination.
Sprayed on grapes.

43
Q

Tropism

A

A growth response where parts of the plant curves towards OR away from something.
Eg. Positive phototropism - curving towards light.

44
Q

Mechanism behind phototropism

A

Cells on dark side elongate faster than cells on the light side.

45
Q

Indoleacetic acid (IAA)

A

Main natural auxin found in plants.

46
Q

Expansins

A

Proteins that break apart cell wall microfibrils, loosening the wall and allowing cell expansion.

47
Q

Polar transport

A

Regulated transport of auxins, which is unidirectional.

48
Q

Chemicals involved in controlling apical dominance

A

Auxins and Strigolactones inhibit auxillary buds.

Cytokinins and high sugar concentration promote axillary bud growth.

49
Q

Triple response

A

Plant growth maneuver in response to a mechanical stress/obstacle.
- Stem elongation slowed
- Stem thickened
- Curvature to avoid obstacle

50
Q

Action spectrum

A

A graph depicting how effecting different wavelengths of light are for a specific biological process.

51
Q

Two major classes of plant photoreceptors

A
  • Blue-light photoreceptors
  • Phytochromes
52
Q

Phototropin

A

Photoreceptor that induces phototrophic bending. Sensitive to blue (and a bit of violet) light

53
Q

Phytochromes

A

Pigments that mostly red/far-red light.

54
Q

Phytochrome response to light

A

In red light, P(r) is converted to P(fr).
Reversed in far-red light.
Forward is faster than the reverse, so P(fr) builds up in white light and activates a response while P(r) inhibits.

55
Q

Photoperiodism

A

A response to the photoperiod (night/day lengths)

56
Q

Two types of immune responses in plants

A
  • PAMP-triggered immunity
  • effector-triggered immunity
57
Q

PAMPs

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns:
Proteins/amino acid sequences specific to a type of pathogen.

58
Q

PAMP-triggered immunity response

A

After recognition of a PAMP, there is local production of broad-spectrum antibacterial/ fungicidal chemicals.Cell walls are also toughened.

59
Q

Effectors (produced by pathogens)

A

Proteins that block the plant’s detection of PAMPs.

60
Q

Two responses in Effector-triggered response

A
  • Hypersensitive response
  • System acquired resistance
61
Q

R genes

A

Resistance genes that each code for a detector (R protein) of specific effector.

62
Q

Hypersensitive response (4 components)

A

Localised:
- Antimicrobial molecules produced
- Cell walls thickened
- Local death of cells; produces lesions
- Signals made to activate system-acquired resistance

63
Q

System-acquired resistance

A
  • Signalled by hypersensitive response.
  • Broad-spectrum, non-specific defence genes are activated for several days.

Campbell Biology (15 decks)

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