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Campbell Biology > Chap 38-39 - Plant reproduction and responses > Flashcards

Chap 38-39 - Plant reproduction and responses Flashcards

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1
Q

Sporophyte

A

Asexual diploid phase, produces haploid spores.

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2
Q

Gametophyte

A

Sexual haploid phase, produces diploid zygotes.

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3
Q

Transgenes

A

Genes transferred from another organism, through genetic engineering or otherwise.

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4
Q

Receptacle

A

Base of flower, where it attaches.

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5
Q

Structure of carpel

A

Ovary at the base. Long slender style with a sticky stigma on top.
Often many fused together, with a compound ovary of multiple chambers.
Carpels are sporophylls.

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6
Q

Structure of stamen

A

The anther on top of the filament stalk.
Microsporangia (pollen sacs) are within the anther.

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7
Q

Unisexual or imperfect flowers

A

Flowers of only one sex, lacking either stamen or carpel.

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8
Q

Inflorescence

A

Clusters of flowers, such as in dandelions.

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9
Q

Megasporophyll vs microsporophyll

A

Megasporophyll is the carpel.
Microsporophyll is the stamen.

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10
Q

Megasporangium

A

Located in ovules. Produces multiple megaspores. One survives and becomes a female gametophyte. The megasporangium then withers.

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11
Q

Microsporangium

A

In the anther. Produces microspores that develops into male gametophytes.

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12
Q

Female gametophyte

A

Contains a large central cell, a small egg cell, and multiple other small cells.

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13
Q

Male gametophyte

A

Pollen grains. Contains a tube cell and a generative cell inside of it. Generative cell divides into 2 sperm after pollination.

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14
Q

Pollen tube

A

When a pollen grain lands on the stigma, a pollen tube elongates through the style into an ovule to transport the sperm.

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15
Q

Double fertilisation

A

One sperm fertilises the egg cell to form a zygote.
One fertilises the female gametophyte’s central cell, which will form the endosperm.

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16
Q

Integument

A

Layer of protective sporophytic tissue around the megasporangium, develops into seed coat.

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17
Q

Embryo sac

A

Another name for female gametophytes.

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18
Q

Cotyledon

A

First leaf.

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19
Q

Imbibition

A

Uptake of water by a seed.

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20
Q

Pericarp

A

The main “body” of fruit; formed from ovary walls.

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21
Q

Classifications of fruit (4)

A
  • Simple (as in a pea)
  • Aggregate (raspberry)
  • Multiple (pineapple)
  • Accessory (pears)
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22
Q

Simple fruit

A

From a single carpel or fused carpels. Your typical textbook case of fruit development.

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23
Q

Aggregate fruit

A

Multiple simple fruits (from multiple separate carpels) together from one flower.
Eg. Mulberry

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24
Q

Multiple fruit

A

Many flowers (from an inflorescence) each develop into fruit; the fruits then fuse together. Eg. Fig

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25
Accessory fruit
The fruit doesn't develop from the ovary walls - may be stem or receptacle, for example. Eg. Apple, strawberry
26
Apomixis
Production of seeds but asexually, creating a cloned embryo.
27
Self-incompatibility
Ability of a plant to reject pollen from itself or from closely related plants.
28
S-genes
Genes involved in self-incompatibility. If the pollen's S-gene allele is the same as the flower's, the pollen is rejected.
29
Gametophytic self-incompatibility
Arises from the pollen grain's genome - if its allele is the same as one of the carpel's alleles, the pollen's RNA is destroyed.
30
Sporophytic self-incompatibility
Arises from sporophytic tissue on the outside of the pollen wall. The allele carried within the pollen doesn't matter.
31
Totipotent
Describes any cell that can regenerate into a clone of its original organism. Found in plants, flatworms, etc.
32
Callus (in plants)
A blob of dividing, non-differentiated cells at the site of a wound.
33
Etiolation ## Footnote "EE - tee - oh - LAtion)
Adaptations for growing in darkness. Eg. pale stems
34
Phytochrome
A type of photoreceptor, mostly red/far-red light. Involved in de-etiolation, located in cytoplasm.
35
Second messengers involved in de-etiolation. (2)
Ca2+ and cGMP. Both produced when phytochrome is activated. The two activate different transcription factors.
36
Post-translational modification
Mechanism where a signal pathway alters a protein's function. Eg. phosphorylation of the next protein in transduction.
37
Transcriptional regulation
Mechanism where a signal pathway changes transcription factors to create a cellular response.
38
Auxin & Brassinosteroids
Hormones that stimulate stem elongation, among many other things. Auxin promotes lateral & adventitious roots!
39
Plant growth regulator vs Plant hormone
Interchangeable terms. "growth regulator" is used since the definition for hormone is a little narrow and animal-specific.
40
Abscission
Shedding or cutting away part of an organism, usually a plant. Eg. leaves falling in Autumn.
41
Ctyokinins
Hormones that regulate growth in shoots/roots, cell differentiation, apical dominance. Stimulates seed germination.
42
Gibberellins
Hormones that stimulate stem elongation, pollen/fruit development, and seed germination. Sprayed on grapes.
43
Tropism
A growth response where parts of the plant curves towards OR away from something. Eg. Positive phototropism - curving towards light.
44
Mechanism behind phototropism
Cells on dark side elongate faster than cells on the light side.
45
Indoleacetic acid (IAA)
Main natural auxin found in plants.
46
Expansins
Proteins that break apart cell wall microfibrils, loosening the wall and allowing cell expansion.
47
Polar transport
Regulated transport of auxins, which is unidirectional.
48
Chemicals involved in controlling apical dominance
Auxins and Strigolactones inhibit auxillary buds. Cytokinins and high sugar concentration promote axillary bud growth.
49
Triple response
Plant growth maneuver in response to a mechanical stress/obstacle. - Stem elongation slowed - Stem thickened - Curvature to avoid obstacle
50
Action spectrum
A graph depicting how effecting different wavelengths of light are for a specific biological process.
51
Two major classes of plant photoreceptors
- Blue-light photoreceptors - Phytochromes
52
Phototropin
Photoreceptor that induces phototrophic bending. Sensitive to blue (and a bit of violet) light
53
Phytochromes
Pigments that mostly red/far-red light.
54
Phytochrome response to light
In red light, P(r) is converted to P(fr). Reversed in far-red light. Forward is faster than the reverse, so P(fr) builds up in white light and activates a response while P(r) inhibits.
55
Photoperiodism
A response to the photoperiod (night/day lengths)
56
Two types of immune responses in plants
- PAMP-triggered immunity - effector-triggered immunity
57
PAMPs
pathogen-associated molecular patterns: Proteins/amino acid sequences specific to a type of pathogen.
58
PAMP-triggered immunity response
After recognition of a PAMP, there is local production of broad-spectrum antibacterial/ fungicidal chemicals.Cell walls are also toughened.
59
Effectors (produced by pathogens)
Proteins that block the plant's detection of PAMPs.
60
Two responses in Effector-triggered response
- Hypersensitive response - System acquired resistance
61
R genes
Resistance genes that each code for a detector (R protein) of specific effector.
62
Hypersensitive response (4 components)
Localised: - Antimicrobial molecules produced - Cell walls thickened - Local death of cells; produces lesions - Signals made to activate system-acquired resistance
63
System-acquired resistance
- Signalled by hypersensitive response. - Broad-spectrum, non-specific defence genes are activated for several days.

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