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AVN1106 > Revision Lecture Part A > Flashcards

Revision Lecture Part A Flashcards

1
Q

What does LOSA stand for?

A

Line Operations Safety Audit

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2
Q

What does IOSA stand for?

A

IATA Operational Safety Audit

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3
Q

What is LOSA?

A

A cockpit observation that is a non-jeopardy, “peer-to-peer” observational method that provides managers with information to assist them in managing risk in flight operations LOSA is NOT a compliance audit. It is a source of information that provides “lead indicator” information in safety management terms It can detect procedural ”drift” in operational practices, perhaps towards less safe practices, or by adaptation towards safer practices and outcomes LOSA looks at aspects of organisational resilience through the ability of pilots to manage both their own errors and disturbances to the system

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4
Q

In LOSA human error is separated into two major errors categories what are they and what are the differences?

A

Error causation and error management. Error Causation seeks to understand the nature of human error. Where error management involves researching the environmental influences and psychological mechanisms involved after committing an error to manage the errors.

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5
Q

What is IOSA?

A

it is an internationally recognised and accepted evaluation system, managed and controlled by IATA. The evaluation are conducted by external audits. ( more info Lec 5)

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6
Q

What are the different types of Safety cultures?

A

Flexible, Learning, informed, Just and reporting.

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7
Q

What are the key elements of a flexible culture?

A

An organisational culture that is able to shift from the conventional hierarchical mode to a flatter professional structure during a peak/emergency period and return back to the traditional bureaucratic mode once the emergency has passed
• Such adaptability is an essential feature of the crisis prepared organisation ( more info lec 4)

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8
Q

What is a Learning Culture?

A

It is within an organisation that possesses the willingness and competence to draw the right conclusion from its safety information systems and be willing to implement major reforms. ( more info lec 4 and SMS booklet 1)

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9
Q

What is a informed Culture?

A

Collection and analysis of safety related data to keep the organisation informed of its safety status • Achieved through:
examples:
internal/external safety audits
Mandatory/voluntary safety reporting systems
Employee feedback/survey
Operational quality assurance program
( more info lecture 4)

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10
Q

What is a Just culture?

A

It is an organisational culture which promotes fairness, where employees are not punished for genuine errors or mistakes, but are still accountable for deliberate violations.( lec 3 for more info)

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11
Q

What is a Reporting culture?

A

A ‘Reporting Culture’ is an organisational culture where employees are encouraged to report their own mistakes, organisational issues, or operational deficiencies, without fear of reprisal. ( lec 3 for more info)

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12
Q

What is the TEM model stand for?

A

T-Threat and E-Error M-Management

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13
Q

What is the TEM model?

A

A conceptual model that assists in understanding, from an operational perspective, the interrelationship between safety and human performance in dynamic and challenging operational contexts ( Lec 1)

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14
Q

What does SRM stand for?

A

Safety Risk Management

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15
Q

What is SRM?

A

It is the process to identify and control the safety risks encountered in aviation activities in order to achieve service providers’ safety performance targets. In order for an organisation to remain in business, the successful production of the intended service is required.( Lec 2)

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16
Q

What does the process of a SRM entail?

A

Hazard identification: A prerequisite to the safety risk management process
Safety risk assessment: Assessing the risks associated with identified hazard (lec 2)

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17
Q

How is a process of a SRM conducted?

A
  1. Hazard identification ( Equipment, procedures, organization, ect. ).
  2. Risk analysis probability ( analyse the likelihood of the consequence occurring).
  3. Risk assessment and tolerability ( is the assessed risk/s acceptable and is it within the organization’s safety performance criteria?).
  4. Risk control/mitigation. ( yes, accept the risk/s or no, take action to reduce the risk/s to an acceptable level).
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18
Q

What is the SHELL model?

A

It is a human factors model that analyzes the liveware reaction in accordance to software hardware environment and other liveware

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19
Q

What does the shell model stand for?

A 
S- SOFTWARE
H- HARDWARE
E- ENVIRONMENT 
L- LIVEWARE (yourself)
L- LIVEWARE (others)
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20
Q

What are the safety risk mitigation approaches?

A

Avoidance, Reduction and Segregation of exposure. ( lec 2)
Avoidance: The activity is suspended either because the associated safety risks are intolerable or deemed unacceptable vis-à-vis the associated benefits

Reduction: some safety risk exposure is accepted, although the severity or probability associated with the risks are lessened, possibly by measures that mitigate the related consequences

Segregation of exposure: Action is taken to isolate the potential consequences related to the hazard or to establish multiple layers of defences to protect against them

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21
Q

What does HFACS stand for?

A

The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System

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22
Q

What is and describe HFACS accident investigation and error tool?

A

Taxonomy which is one of the most commonly referenced tools for use in applying human factor assessment to accident investigations
•derived from James Reason’s model of human error and Reason’s distinction between active and latent threats
• developed to support the completion of accident investigations and thus supports a multi-level framework of connections of factors potentially contributing to an accident, starting with latent and active threats ( lec 9)

23
Q

What is the Swiss cheese model?

A

Each layer of defence in a system is designed to capture weaknesses or errors and to prevent accidents.Accidents occur when there is a breakdown in the interactions among the components of the operation. These failures are seen as the ‘holes’. To avoid these failures more layers of ‘Cheese’ defences are implemented to make the holes smaller.
(Lec 9)

24
Q

What are the different types of risk in aviation?

A
  • Operations risks (eg people, systems, processes)
  • Strategic Risks (eg board level decisions)
  • Compliance Risks (eg The biggest risk, not adhering to external regulations and legislation)
  • Financial Risks (e.g. Oil price hedging)
    (Lec 3)
25
Q

What does PAVE stand for and what is it?

A

Pilot, aircraft, environment and external pressures. It is also a non technical skill(NTS) (Lec8)

26
Q

Describe what the P in PAVE is for?

A

It is for Pilot and you do the im safe checklist, to detriment if you are ready for this trip in terms of experience, currency, physical and emotional condition.

27
Q

What is the ‘im safe’ checklist

A

llness – Am I sick? Illness is an obvious pilot risk

Medication - Am I taking any medicines that might affect my judgement or make me drowsy?

Stress – Am I under psychological pressure from the job? Stress causes concentration and performance problems
three types of stresses
- environmental
- Psychological ( mental)
and Physiological ( Physical eg fatigue)
The key to stress management is to stop, think and analyse before jumping to a conclusion

Alcohol – Have I been drinking within 8 hours? 12 hours from bottle to throttle? Alcohol impairs flying skills and renders a pilot more susceptible to disorientation and hypoxia

Fatigue – Am I’m tired and not adequately rested?

Emotions – Have I experienced any emotionally upsetting event

28
Q

Describe the A in PAVE?

A

Aircraft
“What limitations will the aircraft impose upon the trip”?
“Is this the right aircraft for the flight”?
“Am I current and proficient in this aircraft”?
“Can this aircraft operate with the equipment installed”?
Does this aircraft have sufficient fuel capacity, with reserves, for trip legs planned”?

29
Q

Describe the V in PAVE?

A

Environment

  • Weather
  • Terrain
  • Airport
  • Airspace
  • Time of the day
  • Visual illusions
30
Q

Describe the E in PAVE?

A

 External pressures, Example:

  • Someone waiting at the airport for the flight’s arrival
  • A passenger that pilot does not want to disappoint
  • the desire to demonstrate pilot qualifications
  • The desire to impress someone (probably the two most dangerous words in aviation are ”Watch this”)
  • Desire to satisfy a specific personal goal (e.g., get-there-itis) o A pilot’s general goal-completion orientation
  • The emotional pressure associated with acknowledging that skill and experience levels may be lower than a pilot would like them to be (pride can be a powerful external factor)
31
Q

What is FDAP stand for?

A

Flight Data Analysis Program

32
Q

What is FDAP

A
  • proactive non-punitive program for gathering and analysing data. ( during routine flights)
  • to confirm effectiveness of any remedial action by continued monitoring and Identify and quantify operational risks by highlighting when non-standard, unusual or unsafe circumstances occur.
33
Q

What does FOQA stand for?

A

Flight Operational Quality Assurance

34
Q

What is FOQA?

A

it involves collecting and analysing flight data to determine if flight crews, aircraft systems, or the aircraft itself deviated from normal operating limits; identifying trends; and taking action to correct potential problems.

35
Q

What are the four components of the required ICAO SMS?

A

Safety policy and objectives
safety risk management
safety assurance
safety promotion

36
Q

What are the different layers/elements of the swiss cheese model?

A

Orgainsations factors, workplace conditions, Unsafe acts -( errors & violations) and defence failures.

37
Q

What is Safety Assurance?

A

“Safety assurance consists of processes and activities undertaken by the service provider to determine whether the SMS is operating according to expectations and requirements”. This can be achieved by continually monitoring “its internal processes as well as its operating environment to detect changes or deviations that may introduce emerging safety risk or the degradation of existing risk controls”

38
Q

What is Safety Promotion?

A

it is divided into two categories safety training and safety communication.
Safety training provides the skills and knowledge to conduct tasks safety as well as raise awareness of risk issues.
Safety communication sets the tone for the individual’s behavior, giving them a sense of purpose for all their efforts.

39
Q

What is the importance of Safety promotion and safety assurance?

A

The importance of these two components is without them the organisation’s SMS would not have the systems to train or communicate with their employees to ensure their SMS were continuously monitored and up to the highest standards

40
Q

What does NTS stand for?

A

Non technical Skills

41
Q

What does USOAP stand for and what is it?

A

Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme and it is a continuous monitoring approach

42
Q

What is SMART and what does SMART stand for?

A 
SMART Is an abbreviation which measures the effectiveness if a safety objective 
S= Specific 
M= Measurable 
A= Achievable 
R= Realistic 
T= Timeframe
43
Q

What is ALARP and what does ALARP stand for?

A 
ALARP is an abbreviation which is often used in safety risk management
A= As
L= Low 
A= As 
R= Reasonably 
P= Possible
44
Q

What is a SMS?

A

A dynamic risk management system based on quality management system principles in a structure scaled appropriately to the operational risk, applied in a safety culture environment”

45
Q

What does FRMS stand for?

A

Fatigue Risk Management System

46
Q

What is FRMS?

A

A Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS) has been Fatigue Risk Management System is defined by ICAO as “a data-driven means of continuously monitoring and maintaining fatigue related safety risks, based upon scientific principles and knowledge as well as operational experience that aims to ensure relevant personnel are performing at adequate levels of alertness”.

47
Q

How what are the different types of safety audits are there?

A

• Self-audits • Internal audits • External audits • Regulatory audits and Voluntary

48
Q

Why are audits important?

A

Auditing in the aviation industry is a mandatory task to ensure that all organisations associated with flying, maintenance and training are preforming to the strict regulations set up by the governing bodies. Audits can be raised to ensure all policies and procedures are working. To verify the processes are dear to standards and regulations and to maintain a level of competency. (Lec 5)

49
Q

How are risked assess and managed in aviation?

A

Through the SMS component of safety risk management. Which has two key parts 1 identifying hazards
2. assessing risks and mitigating their potential to cause harm.
an example of this is Risk = Severity x Likelihood
this is demonstrated in a risk severity and probability table
Catastrophic, Hazardous, Major, minor and negligible
Frequent, occasional, remote, improbable and extremely improbable.

50
Q

What is the reactive, based safety approach?

A

Reactive method involves analysis of past outcome or events. Hazards are identified through investigation of safety occurrences.
Incidents and accidents are clear indications of system deficiencies and therefore can be used to determine the hazards that either contributed to the event or are latent

51
Q

What is the proactive based safety approach?

A

Proactive method involves analysis of existing or real-time situations, which is the primary job of the safety assurance function with
its audits, evaluations, employee reporting and associated analysis and assessment processes. This involves actively seeking hazards in the existing processes.

52
Q

What is the predictive based safety approach?

A

involves data gathering in order to identify possible negative future outcomes or events, analysing system
processes and the environment to identify potential future hazards and initiating mitigating actions

53
Q

What are the four levels of HFACs?

A

Level 1 - unsafe acts to operate
Level 2 preconditions for unsafe acts
Level 3 unsafe supervision
Level 4 organisational influences

AVN1106 (8 decks)

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