Lec 1 Flashcards
Introduction to Safety Management Systems (SMS) Part-1
What was the traditional approach to aviation safety improvement characterised by?
By a reactive ‘Fly- Crash- Fix- Fly’ approach
What are the three parts of a ‘fly-crash-fix-fly’ approach?
- Fly aeroplanes, 2.Have the occasional unfortunate crash, 3.Investigate the cause(s) and implement appropriate measures to prevent it from happening again.
What are the most common causes of a crash?
WX, Mechanical, Technical, Hydraulic, Electronic/Electrical and Pilot Errors.
What is the concept of SMS?
The concept is managing safety of aviation, this is done by having risks at acceptable level through a continuous process of hazard identification and safety risk management.
What does SMS stand for?
Safety management systems.
When was the Technical era in aviation accidents?
Early 1950’s to late 1960’s
When was the Human factors era in aviation accidents?
Early 1970’s to mid 1990’s
What is are Threats?
Threats are events or errors that:
• Occur outside the influence of the flight crew (i.e., not caused by the crew);
• Increase the operational complexity of a flight; and
• Require the crew’s attention and management if safety margins are to be maintained
What are Errors?
Errors are flight crew actions or inactions that:
• Lead to a deviation from crew or organisational intentions or expectations;
• Reduce safety margins; and
• Increase the probability of adverse operational events on the ground or during flight
When was the organisational era in aviation accidents?
Mid 1990’s to present
What is the evolution of safety?
Technical factors, human factors and then organisational factors.
What was the technical era of safety?
This era was when aviation safety deficiencies were related to technical factors and technological failures. Placing the focus of safety on to investigation and improvement of technical factors.
What was the human factors era?
Where human performance was discovered to be a recurring factor in accidents.
What is the SHELL model?
Software, Hardware, Environment and 2x Liveware yourself and other human in the workplace.
What are the 6th generations of CRM
1st gen(1980)- Cockpit resource management. 2nd Gen ( 1986)- Crew Resource management. 3rd Gen (1993)- Advanced CRM. 4th gen(1993)-Integrated CRM. 5th Gen (1996)- Error management and 6th gen (present)- Threat and Error Management.
Which generation and what is our current CRM model?
6th Generation and Threat and error management
What is the threat and error management?
A conceptual model that assists in understanding, from an operational perspective, the interrelationship between safety and human performance in dynamic and challenging operational contexts. To ensure that the outcome is inconsequential.
What is UAS?
a position, speed, attitude or configuration of an aircraft that: Results from flight crew error, actions or inaction;
and Clearly reduces safety margins.
Last stage before impending incident or accident and maintain safety margins in flight operation
What is the orgainsational era?
The era where safety began being viewed from a systemic perspective which was to encompass orgainsational factors in addition to humans and technical factors.
Define what a safety management system is?
A dynamic risk management system based on quality management system principles in a structure scaled appropriately to the operational risk, applied in a safety culture environment.
What is Risk management?
The process of measuring risk and developing strategies to manage it.
What is the Risk equation?
Risk= Severity x Likelihood
What are the 8 principles of a Quality management system?
1- Customer focus 2- Leadership 3- Involvement of people 4-Process approach 5- system approach to management 6- Continual improvement 7- Factual approach to decision making 8- mutually beneficial supplier relationships
What is the primary objective of an SMS?
To achieve safety of an organisation regardless of where it is on the risk continuum or its size.
What is a safety culture?
A safety culture within an organisation is generally considered to be “a set of beliefs, norms, attitudes or practices that reduce the exposure of all people in and around the organisation to conditions considered dangerous or hazardous”. Being a crucial link between behaviour and effectiveness of the SMS
What are the five key ingredients of an effective safety culture?
-Informed culture
- Flexible culture
-Reporting culture
-Learning culture
and Just culture.
What are the four SMS components?
Safety policy and objectives
Safety Assurance,
Safety risk management and safety promotion.
What is safety policy and objectives?
Establishes senior management’s commitment to continually improve safety, defines the method, processes, and organizational structure needed to meet safety goals.
Eg S.M.A.R.T
What is safety risk management?
Determines the need for, and adequacy of, new or revised risk controls based on the assessment of acceptable risk
what is safety promotion?
Includes training, communication, and other actions to create a positive safety culture within all levels of the workforce.
What does UAS stand for?
Undesired Aircraft State
What is SMART referring to in terms of safety objectives?
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timeframe.
