Lec 1

Question 1

What was the traditional approach to aviation safety improvement characterised by?

Answer 1

By a reactive ‘Fly- Crash- Fix- Fly’ approach

Question 2

What are the three parts of a ‘fly-crash-fix-fly’ approach?

Answer 2

1. Fly aeroplanes, 2.Have the occasional unfortunate crash, 3.Investigate the cause(s) and implement appropriate measures to prevent it from happening again.

Question 3

What are the most common causes of a crash?

Answer 3

WX, Mechanical, Technical, Hydraulic, Electronic/Electrical and Pilot Errors.

Question 4

What is the concept of SMS?

Answer 4

The concept is managing safety of aviation, this is done by having risks at acceptable level through a continuous process of hazard identification and safety risk management.

Question 5

What does SMS stand for?

Answer 5

Safety management systems.

Question 6

When was the Technical era in aviation accidents?

Answer 6

Early 1950’s to late 1960’s

Question 7

When was the Human factors era in aviation accidents?

Answer 7

Early 1970’s to mid 1990’s

Question 8

What is are Threats?

Answer 8

Threats are events or errors that:
• Occur outside the influence of the flight crew (i.e., not caused by the crew);
• Increase the operational complexity of a flight; and
• Require the crew’s attention and management if safety margins are to be maintained

Question 9

What are Errors?

Answer 9

Errors are flight crew actions or inactions that:
• Lead to a deviation from crew or organisational intentions or expectations;
• Reduce safety margins; and
• Increase the probability of adverse operational events on the ground or during flight

Question 10

When was the organisational era in aviation accidents?

Answer 10

Mid 1990’s to present

Question 11

What is the evolution of safety?

Answer 11

Technical factors, human factors and then organisational factors.

Question 12

What was the technical era of safety?

Answer 12

This era was when aviation safety deficiencies were related to technical factors and technological failures. Placing the focus of safety on to investigation and improvement of technical factors.

Question 13

What was the human factors era?

Answer 13

Where human performance was discovered to be a recurring factor in accidents.

Question 14

What is the SHELL model?

Answer 14

Software, Hardware, Environment and 2x Liveware yourself and other human in the workplace.

Question 15

What are the 6th generations of CRM

Answer 15

1st gen(1980)- Cockpit resource management.
2nd Gen ( 1986)- Crew Resource management. 
3rd Gen (1993)- Advanced CRM.
4th gen(1993)-Integrated CRM.
5th Gen (1996)- Error management and 6th gen (present)-  Threat and Error Management.

Question 16

Which generation and what is our current CRM model?

Answer 16

6th Generation and Threat and error management

Question 17

What is the threat and error management?

Answer 17

A conceptual model that assists in understanding, from an operational perspective, the interrelationship between safety and human performance in dynamic and challenging operational contexts. To ensure that the outcome is inconsequential.

Question 18

What is UAS?

Answer 18

a position, speed, attitude or configuration of an aircraft that: Results from flight crew error, actions or inaction;
and Clearly reduces safety margins.
Last stage before impending incident or accident and maintain safety margins in flight operation

Question 19

What is the orgainsational era?

Answer 19

The era where safety began being viewed from a systemic perspective which was to encompass orgainsational factors in addition to humans and technical factors.

Question 20

Define what a safety management system is?

Answer 20

A dynamic risk management system based on quality management system principles in a structure scaled appropriately to the operational risk, applied in a safety culture environment.

Question 21

What is Risk management?

Answer 21

The process of measuring risk and developing strategies to manage it.

Question 22

What is the Risk equation?

Answer 22

Risk= Severity x Likelihood

Question 23

What are the 8 principles of a Quality management system?

Answer 23

1- Customer focus
2- Leadership
3- Involvement of people
4-Process approach
5- system approach to management
6- Continual improvement
7- Factual approach to decision making
8- mutually beneficial supplier relationships

Question 24

What is the primary objective of an SMS?

Answer 24

To achieve safety of an organisation regardless of where it is on the risk continuum or its size.

Question 25

What is a safety culture?

Answer 25

A safety culture within an organisation is generally considered to be “a set of beliefs, norms, attitudes or practices that reduce the exposure of all people in and around the organisation to conditions considered dangerous or hazardous”. Being a crucial link between behaviour and effectiveness of the SMS

Question 26

What are the five key ingredients of an effective safety culture?

Answer 26

-Informed culture
- Flexible culture
-Reporting culture
-Learning culture
and Just culture.

Question 27

What are the four SMS components?

Answer 27

Safety policy and objectives
Safety Assurance,
Safety risk management and safety promotion.

Question 28

What is safety policy and objectives?

Answer 28

Establishes senior management’s commitment to continually improve safety, defines the method, processes, and organizational structure needed to meet safety goals.
Eg S.M.A.R.T

Question 29

What is safety risk management?

Answer 29

Determines the need for, and adequacy of, new or revised risk controls based on the assessment of acceptable risk

Question 30

what is safety promotion?

Answer 30

Includes training, communication, and other actions to create a positive safety culture within all levels of the workforce.

Question 31

What does UAS stand for?

Answer 31

Undesired Aircraft State

Question 32

What is SMART referring to in terms of safety objectives?

Answer 32

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timeframe.