REVISION DECK Flashcards
Define: social relationship
The connection or association between two or more people, especially with regard to how they think, feel and behave towards each other
Define: diffusion of responsibility
The belief that, in a situation where help is required and others are present, responsibility is spread across the whole group, leading each individual to feel less responsible for helping than when alone because they assume that someone else will take on responsibility for helping.
Aggression: main assumption of the biological perspective?
Assumes aggression has a biological basis and it is therefore influenced by our genes, biochemistry and neural influences
Define: social learning theory
A description and explanation of how learning occurs that takes account of the situation in which the learning occurs
Aggression: main assumption of the ethological perspective?
Aggression is instinctive and has adaptive and survival functions
Define: deinvididuation
the loss of individuality, or sense of anonimity, which can occur in a group situation
Define: conformity
the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviours that are in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group, or with accepted standards about how one should behave in certain situations
Define: reckless behaviours
often thrill seeking behaviours but have a higher chance of not being accepted by adults and may have negative social or health outcomes
Define: gestalt principles
processes in which we organise parts of a scene by grouping them to perceive a whole, complete picture
Define: depth perception
the ability to use depth cues to estimate the distance of objects and to perceive the world as 3d
Define: depth cues
cues which allow us to predict an object’s location in space
3 methods of controlling situational variables?
- equalising the effects of the EV/ ensuring it occurs for all participants
- testing all participants in random order
- controlling the situational variables which will have the biggest impact on DV
2 methods of preventing experimenter variables?
Using double blind procedures (participants and researchers unaware of CONDITIONS)
Prevent researchers from being aware of expected RESULTS
What is the difference between frequency distribution, central tendency and measures of variability?
Central tendency: shows the average value of a set of scores
Frequency distribution: shows how often a value occurs in a set of scores
Measure of variability: how widely scores are spread around a central point
Define: variance
like standard deviation, generally measures spread of scores around the mean
Difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability: whether an experiment consistently measures what it is supposed to measure every time it is
given.
Validity: whether an experiment measures what it aims to measure
Difference between internal and external validity
Internal: IV causes the DV
3 reasons why stereotyping can be bad?
Inaccurate
Individual differences ignored
May cause stigma
Define: stereotyping
The process of grouping people into a category based on their membership of that group, disregarding individual differences
Define: direct discrimination
When someone is treated unfairly and is disadvantaged because of a personal characteristic protected by law.
Define: indirect discrimination
When treating everyone the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristic
Define: intergroup conflict
When members of different groups compete to achieve control of something that is wanted by each group
Define: intergroup contact
A strategy for reducing prejudice by increasing specific types of direct contact between two groups who are prejudiced against each other
Under what 3 conditions does intergroup contact reduce prejudice?
Sustained contact
Mutual interdependence
Equality of status
Define: sustained contact
Ongoing contact between two or more people/groups either directly or indirectly over a period of time
Define: cognitive interventions
A deliberate strategy for changing the way in which someone thinks about prejudice
What do most cognitive interventions aim to teach?
Understanding individuals based on individual characteristics, not stereotypes.
Define: confounding variable
an unwanted variable which has had an effect on the DV
7 components of a report?
Title Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion References
5 steps of observational learning ARRMR
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation Reinforcement
