Revision

Question 1

What secondary messenger system does insulin act by?

Answer 1

tyrosine kinase: activation of TK phosphorylates intracellular proteins and leads to glucose uptake.
Various mechanisms: insulin signals cell to inset GLUT 4 transporters into membrane allowing glucose to enter the cell

Question 2

bile functions?

Answer 2

digestion and absorption

elimination of bilirubin and excess cholesterol (secreted in bile and eliminated)

Question 3

components of pancreatic juice?

Answer 3

proteases
amylase
nuclease
lipases

Question 4

What stimulates pancreatic juice secretion and GB contraction?

Answer 4

vagus nerve
CCK
Secretin (only stimulates P. juice not GB contraction)

Question 5

3 types of stimuli for hormone release by endocrine glands?

Answer 5

hormonal (trophic hormones)
Humoral (changes inconcentration of nutrients and ions)
neural (catecholamines due to strsss EG)

Question 6

differentation of mesoderm:

Answer 6

somite
intermediate
lateral plate: splanchnic, somatic

Question 7

somite:

Answer 7

myotome, dermatome, sclerotome

Question 8

intermediate mesoderm:

Answer 8

kidneys and gonads

Question 9

somatic mesoderm:

Answer 9

parietal peritoneum

Question 10

splanchnic mesoderm:

Answer 10

visceral peritoneum, GIT, spleen, adrenal cortex

Question 11

endoderm:

Answer 11

epithelial lining of GIT, parenchyma of the liver and pancreas

Question 12

ectoderm:

Answer 12

epithilium of mouth, anus and nasal cavities, and adrenal medulla

Question 13

urine composition

Answer 13

phosphate, potassium, sodium, uric acid, urea, creatinine, calcium, bicarbonate

Question 14

urine formation:

Answer 14

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

Question 15

GFR can be regulated by:

Answer 15

intrinsic factors:
- myogenic regulatio (smooth muscle vasodilate/constriction)
- tubuloglomerular mechanisms: MD sense high NACI levels and constrict afferent arterioles
- prostaglandin E2: vasodilation
Extrinsic: hormonal (renin and activation of RAAS) and neural (catecholamines)

Question 16

cortisol effects:

Answer 16

• stimulates gluconeogenesis
• enhances SNS effect on vascular smooth muscle (BP regulation
• anti-inflammatory effects

Question 17

puborectalis:

Answer 17

muscular sling arising from body of pubis and passing posterior to the anorectal junction

Question 18

pubococcygeus:

Answer 18

pubic body to the coccyx

Question 19

iliococcygeus:

Answer 19

ischial spine and fascia of obturator internus to the coccyx

Question 20

coccygeus:

Answer 20

ischial spine to sacrum and coccyx