Intros for SBO oral

Question 1

oesophagus

Answer 1

The oesophagus is a hollow muscular tube that is approximately 25cm long and 2cm wide and is located between the oral cavity and stomach. The oesophagus can be divided into 3 main regions including the cervical, thoracic and abdominal regions. The main function of the oesophagus is to provide a passageway and propel food from the oral cavity to the stomach via peristaltic contractions. In the relaxed state in the absence of food the oesophagus rests in a collapsed state.

Question 2

Stomach:

Answer 2

The stomach is large hollow organ located predominantly in the left upper quadrant and is located between the oesophagus and duodenum. It is an intraperitoneal organ that has a mesentery connecting it to the abdominal wall. Structurally the stomach forms the shape of the letter J and its main function is to act as a food blender and reservoir for ingested food. The stomach turns ingested food into chime by secreting gastric juices and intrinsic factor, as well as digests and absorbs some fats, proteins and alcohol.

Question 3

Abdominal wall:

Answer 3

The anterolateral abdominal wall is a multi-layered wall that separates the abdominal cavity from the external environment and protects the abdominal and pelvic organs. Structurally from superficial to deep it has multiple layers including the skin and subcutaneous fascia, 3 muscular layers interspersed by deep fascia including the EO, IO and TA, followed by the transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat and parietal peritoneum

Question 4

Uterus

Answer 4

• S: The uterus is a flattened pear-shaped organ that is approximately 8cm long and 5 cm wide (3cm deep). It is flattened in an anterior/posterior direction. It has two main surfaces including the vesicular surface and intestinal surface, and can be broken up into regions including the fundus, body, isthmus and cervix
• L: The uterus is located anterior to the rectum and posterior to bladder and is continuous with the cervix and vagina inferiorly and the fallopian tubes superiorly
• F: to provide a site for reception, retention and nutrition for the fertilised ovum
• B: uterine arteries (from internal iliac) with additional supply from ovarian aa’s & uterine veins (draining into internal iliac veins) Both travel through broad ligament
• N: T12-L1/2 (lumbar splanch), pelvic splanch (S2-4) & VA

Question 5

Cervix:

Answer 5

• S: the cervix forms the inferior portion of the uterus where it joins the vagina. It is comprised of an internal orifice, external orifice, endocervical canal and ectocervix and pierces the anterior wall of the vagina
• L: located between the vagina and body of the uterus
• F: connects the uterine cavity with the vagina and functions to admit sperm to the genital tract during ovulation, as well as protect the uterus from upper tract infections

Question 6

Ovary:

Answer 6

• S: paired almond shaped and female reproductive organs that ae approximately 3.5cm long and 2 cm wide
• L: they lie in a shallow fossa I the angle between the internal and external illac vessels on the obturator nerve. And are suspended in the mesovarium which part of the broad ligament and connect to the uterus by the ligament of ovary
• F: function to produce female gametes or ova and synthesise female sex hormones including estrogen and progesterone
• B: ovarian arteries from abdominal aorta & plexus of veins draining into ovarian veins
• N: vagus, T9-11 (lesser splanch) & VA entering at T10

Question 7

Uterine tubes:

Answer 7

• S: paired muscular tubes ~10cm long comprised of an infundibulum with fimbriae, ampulla, isthmus and uterine part
• L: extends between the uterine horns and open up into the peritoneal cavity near the ovaries. And run along the upper margin of the broad ligament
• F: functions to receive the oocyte from the ovaries and provide a site for fertilisation and nourish and transport the fertilised ovum to the uterus
• B: uterine and ovarian arteries and veins
• N: lumbar splanchnic, pelvic splanchnic and VA

Question 8

spleen

Answer 8

• S: INTRAPERITONEAL largest secondary lymph organ in the body that is approximately the size of a clenched fist and ovoid in shape that is enclosed within a thin firbroelastic capsule and comprised of 2 main tissue types (RED PULP & WHITE PULP). The spleen has two surfaces including the diaphragmatic and visceral surface, and has impressions from other abdominal organs
• L: The spleen is located predominantly in the LUQ sitting medial or deep to the ribs 9-11, posterior to the stomach and superior to the left colic flexure
• F: The main functions of the spleen are to: filter the blood from pathogens, act as a reservoir for blood and platelets and provide a site for proliferation of lymphocytes.
• B: Splenic artery and vein (splenic artery from celiac plexus) Splenic veins drain into the SMA and form the portal vein
• act as a reservoir for old RBC’s
• filter blood from pathogens
• produce and proliferation of lymphocytes
  that include white pulp which are the sites of immune functions and red pulp which makes up the bulk of the organ which is comprised of old RBC’s and the macrophages that engulf them

Question 9

kidney

Answer 9

• S: paired bean-shaped structures that are retroperitoneal consisting of a superior and inferior pole, medial and lateral border and hilum that faces anteromedially
• L: lie in the paravertebral gutters deep to T12-L3, however the right kidney sits slightly lower due to the liver
• F: main functions include urine formation via regulating fluid and electrolyte blance, and various metabolic functions including: maintaining blood pressure by secreting renin, activating vitamin D to increase calcium absorption in the GIT, EPO in infants and stimulate gluconeogenesis

Question 10

Gall Bladder:

Answer 10

• S: pear-shaped muscular sac that is approximately 7-10cm long, consisting of a fundus, body, neck and cystic duct
• L: That lies in the GB fossa on the visceral surface of the liver
• F: And main function is to store and concentrate bile

Question 11

ureters

Answer 11

• S: paired narrow muscular walled tubes that are retroperitoneal and approximately 25cm long that extend from the hilum of the kidneys to the lateral angles of the bladder.
• L: The ureters travel along the anterior surface of the psoas major muscle and cross the front of the genitofemoral nerve
• F: and function to propel urine from the kidneys to the bladder for storage

Question 12

Testes:

Answer 12

• S: paired ovoid-shaped male reproductive organs located within the scrotum that are suspended by the spermatic cord
• L:
• F: main functions are to synthesise testosterone, sperm and ABP to assist in physical maturation and carry out reproductive functions

Question 13

Penis:

Answer 13

• S: male reproductive and urinary organ that consists of a root, shaft and glans and a spongy urethra traveling through the centre
  Root: comprised of the Bulb and left and right crura
  Shaft comprised of 2 parallel corpus cavernosa muscles and a bulbospongiosus
  Glans: Head
• L: located anterior/external to the pubic symphysis
• F: provides a passage way for urine and semen to leave the body

Question 14

Epididymis:

Answer 14

• S: structure overlaying the posterior aspect of the testes that consists of a head, body and tail
• L: runs between the Rete testes and vas deferens
• F: functions to store and transport sperm between the rete testes and the vas deferens

Question 15

Vas deferens:

Answer 15

• S: muscular walled tube that is approximately 45 cm long
• L: located between the tail of the epididymis and runs through the spermatic cord and over the superior surface of the bladder to join the with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
• F: function is to transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

Question 16

Prostate:

Answer 16

• S: largest accessory gkand of the make reproductive system that is approximately 3cm wide or the size of a walnut. Consists of a prostatic sheath and fibrous capsule which surround the inner portion which consists of tubuloalveolar glands embedded in a stroma.
  The prostate can be divided into anterior, middle, posterior and 2 lateral lobes
• L: which is located inferior to the bladder and encircles the prostatic urethra
• F: to secrete prostate fluid which is one of the components of semen

Question 17

Adrenal Glands:

Answer 17

• S: paired retroperitoneal glands that sit superiorly on the kidneys. The Right is pyramid shaped and left is a semilunar shape. Structuray they can be divided into an outer cortex and inner medulla that is enclosed by a fibrous capsule .
• Can b further be divided into the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate and zona reticularis and the adrenal medulla
• L:
• F: Adrenal gland has many endocrine functions, with the medulla synthesising and releasing catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, and the cortex releasing glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens

Question 18

Pancreas

Answer 18

The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ that is shaped like an elongated tadpole and is approximatey 15cm long.
S: structurally it is comprised of an uncinate process, head, neck, body and tail, and consists of endocrine and exocrine glandular tissue
L: the pancreas is located predominantly in the epigastric region and left hypogastric region and extends between the duodenum and spleen.
Body crosses the aorta at the level of L2
F: the pancreas has endocrine and exocrine functions, whereby it secretes hormones into the blood stream including insulin and glucagon which alter blood sugar levels, and exocrine functions whereby it synthesises and secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum to aid digestion

Question 19

Peritoneum

Answer 19

The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane of the body and consists of two continuous layers. The parietal peritoneum which lines the abdominal cavity and the visceral peritoneum which lines many of the abdominal viscera. In men it is fully enclosed and in women it is perforated by the fallopian tubes.
In between the two layers is the peritoneal cavity, which typically only contains a small amount of peritoneal fluid, which allows the abdominal viscera to move without friction

Question 20

Intra/retroperitoneal organs

Answer 20

• Intraperitoneal organs are covered almost entirely by visceral peritoneum and attach to the posterior abdominal wall via a mesentery.
• Retroperitoneal organs are external or posterior to the parietal peritoneum. These include organs such as the suprarenal glands, the aorta and IVC, duodenum, pancreas, ureters, colon xcept the transvers and caecal parts, kidneys esophagus and rectum

Question 21

peritoneal parts

Answer 21

• Mesenteries: double layer of peritoneum continuous with both layers which connects the organ to the post abdominal wall. Also allows for NV communication
• Omentum: lesser and greater,
  Lesser: two layered fold of peritoneum which connects lesser curv e of stomach and duodenum to the porta hepatis and ligamentum venosum of the liver. Also encloses the portal triad, hepatic plexus and lymphatic vessels
  Greater omentum: four-layered fold of peritoneum that hangs down loke an apron. It attaches from the G C of the stomach to the anterior Tx colon and its mesentery, permits NV structures and
• Peritoneal ligaments: double layer of peritoneum which connect organs to other organs or the abdominal wall.
• Liver: hepatogastric, hepatoduodenal, falciform
• Stomach:
• gastrosplenic (hilum of spleen to
• gastrophrenic
• gastrocolic

Question 22

Bladder

Answer 22

The bladder is a large hollow organ located predominantly in the pelvic cavity however when full it can expand up into the hypogastric and umbilical regions. Structurally it takes the shape of the front of a ship, where it has a number of surfaces and regions. The bladder has an inferior/ posterior surface known as the base a superior surface and 2 inferolateral surface. The major regions include the base (fundus), body, neck, apex an trigone interiorly.

Question 23

Endocrine system

Answer 23

is a body system that interacts with the nervous system to coordinate bodily functions. It is comprised of endocrine glands which include the pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, kidney, liver, heart, and adipose tissue which produce hormones that carry out and elicit different functions

Question 24

Vagina

Answer 24

The vagina is a muscular membranous tube that is approximately 7-9cm long that extends between the cervical canal superiorly and the vestibule inferiorly. Structurally the upper half lies abode the pelvic floor and the lower half lies inferior to the pelvic floor (in the perineum). The vagina functions to excrete menstrual fluid, receive the penis during intercourse and forms the lower part of the birth canal.
- inferior quarter is innervated by the pudendal nerve S2-4 (somatic)

Question 25

Pelvic floor

Answer 25

The pelvic floor, otherwise called the pelvic diaphragm is a group of muscles that consists of the coccygeus muscles and levator ani muscles including the puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus muscles and their fascia. Structurally they form the shape of a funnel or diaphragm that separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum. These musc;les extend between the pubis, lateral pelvic walls and coccyx. And their main function is to support the abdominopelvic viscera, they can resist increases in intraabdominal pressure and contribute to faecal and urinary continence.
N/S: nerve to levator ani and nerve to coccygeus (S3,4)

Question 26

Thyroid

Answer 26

Is an endocrine gland consisting of two lateral lobes and an isthmus which sits anterior to the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings. The thyroid is a highly vascular gland which synthesises and releases thyroid hormone which has lots of effects on the body including raising the basal metabolic rate, regulating cardiac function and blood pressure and regulating the development and functioning of a number of body systems including the nervous system, musculoskeletal system ajnd digestive system.
Goitre: nontoxic and toxic
Non-toxic: iodine deficiency > increase in TSH to maintain thyroid hormone levels which results in hyperplasia of follicular cells
Hypothyroidism: hashimotos thyroiditis: autoimmune disorder
- Leads to goitre as the body keeps making more and more thyroid stimulating hormone and the follicular cells hyperplasia but can’t produce enough thyroid hormone
- Levothyroxine (thyroid replacement therapy)
Hyperthyroidism: Graves disease: autoimmune disorder
- Autoantibodies interfere with the TSH receptors and actually mimic the effect of TSH causing the thyroid to make more thyroid hormone and hyperplasia of follicular cells

Question 27

Parathyroid glands

Answer 27

The parathyroid glands are small ovoid shaped glands that on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Most people have 4 PT glands, and functionally they synthesise and secrete parathyroid hormone which increase plasma calcium levels. It does this by stimulating osteopclastic activity, activating vitamin D and increasing the reabsorption of calcium at the renal tubules

Question 28

male genitalia

Answer 28

The male reproductive system is comprised of the penis, testes and scrotum and the accessory ducts and accessory glands. Together these structures form the external genitalia and carry out various reproductive and urinary functions.

Question 29

lymph node

Answer 29

widely spread secondary lymphoid organs that are relatively small but do vary from the size of a pin head to an olive.
Structurally: they are comprised of convex and concave surface, with afferent arterioles entering the convex side and efferent arterioles exiting the concave side.
functionally the lymph nodes filter lymph, activate immune responses and house and store lymphocytes and macrophages