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SBO5 > Abdomen Conditions > Flashcards

Abdomen Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

GORD definition?

A

Symptomatic passage of gastric contents > lower oesophagus

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2
Q

GORD Risk factors?

A

Decreased tone of LOS: caffeine, fatty foods, hiatal hernia

Impaired mucosal defences: smoking, alcohol

Increased IAP: pregnancy, obesity, ascites, lifting & bending

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3
Q

GORD clinical features?

A

retrosternal pain/heart burn.
Agg: big meals, acidic foods, bending, lying supine
Dysphagia/odonophagia

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4
Q

Acute gastritis definition?

A

Acute inflammation of the gastric lining, which is often diffuse

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5
Q

Acute gastritis clinical features?

A

epigastric discomfort, nausea, anorexia, haematmesis (blood in vomit)

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6
Q

Chronic gastritis definition?

A

Chronic inflammation of the stomach, associated with lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa and damage to the epithelium

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7
Q

Pernicious anaemia?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia that causes megaloblastic anaemia (structurally abnormal and larger RBC’s)

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8
Q

What condition can lead to pernicious anaemia?

A

chronic gastritis, where antibodies are produced against parietal cells and intrinsic factor

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9
Q

Peptic ulceration definition?

A

Ulceration in any part of the GIT that is exposed to gastric secretions.

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10
Q

Common sites of peptic ulcers?

A

duodenal ulcers are 4 x more common than gastric ulcers.
D1 most common in duodenum
Gastric ulcers most common: lesser curvature

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11
Q

Causes of peptic ulcers?

A

NSAIDs: reduce prostaglandin content of mucosal cells lowering mucous secretion
- Aspirin can directly damage cell membranes

Smoking: generation of ROS causes mucosal damage, and can also reduce healing rate of ulcer

Familial factors: 3 x higher risk if immediate family member has an ulcer

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12
Q

Peptic ulcer clinical features?

A

Epigastric pain of several weeks
Anorexia, dyspepsia, nausea
can be asymptomatic in elderly

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13
Q

Coeliac Disease definition?

A

Genetically-determined, abnormal, hypersensitivity reaction to gluten or its peptide derivative, gliadin

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14
Q

Coeliac disease clinical features? (Adult onset)

A

weight loss, diarrhoea, abdo discomfort, fatigue, amenorrhea

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15
Q

Oesophageal cancer risk factors?

A

smoking, excess alcohol consumption, Barrett’s mucosa

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16
Q

Oesophageal cancer clinical features? (often termed the classic triad)

A

Dysphagia
Odynophagia
Weight loss

17
Q

Jaundice common sites?

A

yellow appearance of the skin, sclerae and mucous membranes

18
Q

Jaundice cause?

A

Elevated bilirubin levels. causes include:
- haemolytic jaundice: excessive RBC destruction due to thalassaemia

  • hepatic jaundice: impaired hepatocyte function: viral/alcoholic hepatitis
  • cholestatic jaundice: obstruction of bile ducts
19
Q

Jaundice exam:

A

yellowing of skin could be due to issues with the cells in your liver that could be caused by alcoholic or viral hepatitis, or obstruction of the bile ducts, potentially caused by gall stones

20
Q

Acute hepatitis clinical features?

A 
anorexia
nausea
vomiting
malaise
headache
mild fever
diarrhoea
upper abdo discomfort
jaundice
hepatomegaly
splenomegaly
21
Q

Alcoholic liver disease?

A

alcohol intake causes the induction of oxidases that help metabolise alcohol. over/chronic exposure to these oxidases can lead to damage of the hepatocytes

22
Q

Ascites?

A
  • accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

- abdominal distension with shifting dullness to percussion

23
Q

Caput medusae?

A

sign of portal hypertension, can be due to liver failure or cirrhosis of the liver

24
Q

Gall stone risk factors (Cholelithiasis)

A
  • over 40 more common in women, no difference in elderly
  • obesity
  • increased age
  • multi-parity
  • diabetes
  • diets high in refined sugar
  • ileal disease
25
Q

gall stone clinical features?

A
  • sudden onset RUQ pain with Rt shoulder referral

- fever/chills

26
Q

acute pancreatitis clinical features?

A
  • severe abdominal pain (LUQ & Lt scapula)

- bloating, fever, sweating, nausea

27
Q

constipation features needing referral?

A

Onset in middle/old age

PR bleed

Weight loss, fever, rectal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting

Family history of colorectal cancer

28
Q

Crohn’s disease clinical features

A

weight loss
abdominal pain (potentially in ascending or transverse colon)
diarrhoea

29
Q

Splenomegaly clinical features

A
  • Dragging sensation LUQ
  • can be apparent in cases of anaemia, leukopenia (reduced WBC) or thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
    can be associated with portal hypertension
30
Q

spleen location?

A

rests on the left colic flexure behind the stomach.

roughly deep to ribs 9-11

SBO5 (11 decks)

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