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SBO5 > Large Intestine > Flashcards

Large Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

Structures of the large intestine

A 
Appendix
Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Rectum
Anal canal
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2
Q

Large intestine functions

A

Absorption of the remaining water, electrolytes (NaCI) vitamins and minerals (most water absorption in ascending colon)

Digestion

Propulsion

Defecation

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3
Q

What forms the ileocaecal valve?

A

The superior and inferior ileocaecal folds

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4
Q

Is the caecum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal (but has no mesentery)

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5
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A

Contains masses of lymphoid tissue which functions to produce and store lymphocytes.

Also acts as a reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria

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6
Q

Appendix arterial supply

A

Appendicular artery (branch of the ileocolic artery)

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7
Q

Caecum blood supply

A 
Ileocolic artery (branch of SMA)
Caecum & appendix drained by the ileocolic vein
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8
Q

What veins from the portal vein?

A

SMA and splenic vein

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9
Q

Caecum nerve supply

A

Intrinsic- ENS
Extrinsic - para: vague
symp: abdominopelvic splanchnic

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10
Q

Phrenicocolic ligament attachments

A

Splenic flexor to diaphragm

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11
Q

Ascending colon intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

secondary retroperitoneal: - Lies on posterior abdominal wall and covered by peritoneum anteriorly and laterally

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12
Q

Transverse colon intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

intraperitoneal

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13
Q

Descending colon intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

retroperitoneal and covered with peritoneum anteriorly and laterally

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14
Q

Where does the sigmoid colon join the rectum

A

~S3

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15
Q

how can you identify the termination of the sigmoid or the rectosigmoid junction?

A

termination of the teniae coli

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16
Q

sigmoid colon intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

intraperitoneal

17
Q

Describe three macroscopic features that are unique to the colon

A

Teniae coli
Haustra
Omental appendicies

18
Q

Characteristics of the large intestine mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelia

  • Thicker mucosa & deeper crypts compared to rest of GIT
  • These crypts contain abundant goblet cells: which produce mucous to protect the wall and allow ease of passage of faeces
  • Unlike the small intestine the large intestine has no circular folds, villi or brush like border
19
Q

What type of cell is abundant in the crypts of the colonic mucosa? What is their purpose?

A

goblet cells: which produce mucous to protect the wall and allow ease of passage of faeces

20
Q

Differentiate a haustral contraction from a mass movement

A

Haustral contractions (every 30mins)
• Short-lived, slow contractions – mainly in ascending & transverse colon
• Initiated by ENS when individual haustra fill with food residue
Mass movements (3-4 times/daily)
• Powerful, prolonged contractile waves that force contents towards rectum

21
Q

List five (5) risk factors for constipation

A
  • Dietary factors
  • e.g. diets low in fibre or water
  • Lifestyle factors
  • e.g. sedentary lifestyles
  • Medication side effects
  • e.g. analgesics, anti-depressants, iron supplements, diuretics
  • Psychological & neurological factors
  • e.g. chronic stress, ignoring the urge to defecate
  • Organic diseases & metabolic problems
  • e.g. diverticular disease, GIT malignancies, IBD, hypothyroidism
22
Q

which ligament connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

A

Falciform ligament

23
Q

Portal vein is formed by the union of?

A

superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

24
Q

Which of the following bile components assists in the process of digestion?

A

bile salts and phospholipids

25
Q

Neonatal jaundice is an example of?

A

Hepatic jaundice

26
Q

gall stone in the bile duct is referred to as?

A

choledocholithiasis

27
Q

Is the rectum intraperitoneum or retroperitoneal

A

Retroperitoneal:

  • sup: covered anteriorly and laterally by peritoneum
  • Mid: covered anteriorly
  • Inf: no covering as it is subperitoneal
28
Q

Arterial supply to the proximial rectum:

A

Superior rectal artery (IMA)

29
Q

Arterial supply to the mid and inf rectum:

A

Middle rectal artery

30
Q

Arterial supply to the a no rectal junction:

A

Internal rectal artery

31
Q

2 types of cells in the colon:

A

Absorptive cells and goblet cells

32
Q

When would constipation warrant special concern or referral?

A
  • onset in middle or old age
  • PR bleed, melena/mucous
  • weight loss, fever, rectal pain, anorexia, nausea
  • family history of colorectal cancer
33
Q

Acute diarrhea vs chronic diarrhea?

A

Acute: sudden onset of >3 loose stools for less than 14 days
chronic: at least 4 weeks

34
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

The formation of outpouches in the wall of the colon

SBO5 (11 decks)

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