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Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific investigation of mental processes and behaviour.

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2
Q

Schools of thought

A
  • behaviourism
  • structuralism
  • functionalism
  • cognitive
  • humanism
  • evolutionary
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3
Q

Psychology was first a combination of…

A

philosophy and physiology

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4
Q

Experimental researh

A

Design that manipulates some aspect of a situation and examines the impact this has on the way participants respond.

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5
Q

Correlation research

A

assesses the degree to which variables are related, so that knowing the value of one variable can lead to a prediction of the other.

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6
Q

dependent variable

A

the response measured

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7
Q

independent variable

A

the variable manipulated

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8
Q

representative sample

A

sample that reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole

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9
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a test measures a construct it is supposed to measure, or a study that accurately addresses the hypothesis it attempts to assess.

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10
Q

reliability

A

a measure’s ability to produce consistent results

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11
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

multiple experimenters will yield similar results

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12
Q

re-test reliability

A

performing the experiment multiple times will yield similar results

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13
Q

internal consistency

A

several ways of asking the same question yield similar results.

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14
Q

experimenter bias

A

scientists influence the results to convey a certain outcome

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15
Q

quantative research bias

A

denial of bias

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16
Q

qualitative

A

acceptance and acknowledgement of bias

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17
Q

design bias

A

occurs when the researcher fails to take into account inherent bias.

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18
Q

inclusive bias

A

samples selected for convenience

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19
Q

ommission bias

A

occurs when certain groups are ommitted from the sample

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20
Q

Interviewer bias

A

occurs when the interviewer unknowingly gives subtle clues.

Avoid by using a double blind study

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21
Q

participant bias

A

subject gives the response they think the researcher wants to hear

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22
Q

reporting bias

A

error in reported results

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23
Q

major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system

A
  • central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
  • peripheral nervous system (other nerves in the body_
  • autonomic NS - involuntary human reactions. further divided in sympathetic - fight or flight and parasympathetic- calming
  • somatic NS - voluntary movements
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24
Q

structure of a neuron

A
  • nucleus
  • dendrites
  • axon terminal
  • node of ranvier
  • schwann cell
  • myelin shealth
  • soma
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25
Q

firing of a neuron

A

will fire once it reaches the action potential (-55Mv)
resting potential is (-70mV)
fires from dendrites to axon terminal

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26
Q

hindbrain

A 
lower part of the brain stem 
- pons 
-medulla 
-cerebellum 
coordinates functions essential for survival- awakeness, breathing, sleep etc.
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27
Q

midbrain

A

portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

  • tectum
  • tegmentum
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28
Q

forebrain

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • thalamus
    -hypo thalamus
    plays a central role in the processing of information
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29
Q

corpus collosum

A

connects the two cerebral hemispheres. If severed, information will only stay in the one hemisphere.

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30
Q

cerebral lateralisation

A

the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be more dominant in one hemisphere than the other

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31
Q

right hemisphere

A 
left side motor skills 
creativity 
emotions 
non-verbal 
imagination 
left field of vision
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32
Q

left hemisphere

A 
analytical thought 
detail 
verbal 
right side motor skills 
right field of vision
logic 
language
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33
Q

split brain patients

A
  • corpus collosum is severed
  • information cannot cross hemispheres
    One of the experiments carried out by Gazzaniga involved a split-brain patient sitting in front of a computer screen while having words and images presented on either side of the screen and the visual stimuli would go to either the right or left visual field, and thus the left or right brain, respectively. It was observed that if a patient was presented with an image to his left visual field (right brain), he would report not seeing anything. If he was able to feel around for certain objects, he could accurately pick out the correct object, despite not having the ability to verbalize what he saw. This led to confirmation that the left brain is localized for language while the right brain does not have this capability, and when the corpus callosum is cut and the two hemispheres cannot communicate for the speech to be produced.
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34
Q

contralateral control

A

the setup wherein the motor cortex of both cerebral hemispheres are primarily accountable for handling of motions of the opposite side of one’s body.

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35
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain.
- the temporal, the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, and the frontal lobe.

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36
Q

temporal lobe

A

processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memory, language comprehension, and emotion association

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37
Q

parietal lobe

A

integrates sensory information among various modalities, including spacial sense and navigation (proprioception), the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch

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38
Q

frontal lobe

A

plays a large role in voluntary movement. It houses the primary motor cortex which regulates activities like walking.

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39
Q

schema

A

Cognitive structures that represent knowledge

about a concept or type of stimulus

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40
Q

psychosocial development

A

the development of the personality, including the acquisition of social attitudes and skills, from infancy through maturity.

41
Q

zone of proximal development

A

the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help.

42
Q

erikson’s theories of development

A

trust v mistrust: hope (0-1.5 y)
autonomy v shame and guilt: will (1.5-3)
initiative v guilt: purpose (3-5)
industry v inferiority: competency (5-12)
identity v role confusion: fidelity (12-18)
intimacy v isolation: love (18-40)
generativity v stagnation: care (40-65)
integrity v despair: wisdom (65+)

43
Q

john bowbeys theory of attachment

A 
Indiscriminate sociability (0-2 months) 
Attachments in the making (2-7 m) 
Specific, clear cut attachments (7-24 m)
goal-coordinated partnerships (24 m +) 
Survival function: more likely to be fed, protected from predators and to be
taught life skills
• Nurturance/security function: young are comforted by the caregiver and are
distressed in her/his absence
44
Q

attachment patterns

A

Secure: Child welcomes mother’s return and seeks
closeness to her (most common)
• Avoidant: Child ignores mother
• Ambivalent: Child exhibits anger at mother while seeking
to be close to her
• Disorganised: Child may approach mother
but gaze away, and may show odd motor
behaviour and dazed facial expressions

45
Q

categories of peer group status

A

popular - pro-social, good to be with
rejected- antisocial (aggressive, disrupted), withdrawn (isolated and uninvolved).
neglected- low levels of positive and negative behaviour, minimal peer impact.
controversial- more aggressive than antisocial rejectees but are bright and show leadership qualities.
average- normal levels of all behaviours

46
Q

classical conditioning

A

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

47
Q

operant conditioning

A

In it, an individual changes its behaviour because of the consequences (results) of the behaviour. The person or animal learns its behaviour has a consequence. That consequence may be. Reinforcement: a positive or rewarding event.

48
Q

extinction

A

the weakening of the conditioned
response when the conditioned stimulus is
presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

49
Q

spotaneous recovery

A

the re-emergence of a

previously extinguished conditioned response

50
Q

what is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

A

reinforcement- Behaviours that result in pleasant consequences
will be more likely in the future
punishment- Behaviours that result in unpleasant consequences
will be less likely in the future

51
Q

shaping and chaining

A

shaping- produces novel behaviour by reinforcing
closer and closer approximations to the desired
response
chaining- involves putting
together a sequence of existing
responses in a novel order

52
Q

locus of control

A

The expectancy
of whether or not fate
determines outcomes in life

53
Q

learned helplessness

A

The expectancy that one cannot escape aversive events

54
Q

content v process models of personality

A

Content: what are we like? focus on explaining the stable elements of personality
Process: How do we become what we are like? focus on explaining the dynamic elements

55
Q

five factor model

A 
Openness 
Conscientiousness 
Extroversion 
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
56
Q

schwart’s model

A

openness to change
self-transcendence
conservation
self-enhancement

57
Q

dark triad of personality

A

psychopathy
narcissism
machiovelianism

58
Q

self-other consistency

A

Are we reliable judges of our own/others’

personality?

59
Q

context dependence

A

Does our personality vary with contexts and

situations?

60
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialised, rich, democratic countries.

61
Q

emic

A

Emic (understanding driven by cultural members)

62
Q

etic

A

Etic (understanding driven by researchers/general theories)

63
Q

culture shock

A

a feeling of disorientation and anxiety
that occurs as people from one culture encounter and
adapt to the practices, rules and expectations of
another culture
stages: honeymoon, disenchantment, beginning resolution, effective functioning

64
Q

acculturation

A

cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture

65
Q

Hofstede dimensions

A
  1. power distance
  2. individualism
  3. masculinity
  4. uncertainty avoidance
  5. longterm orientation
66
Q

Health Belief Model

A

Suggests that health behaviours are predicted by:

  • percieved susceptibility to a health threat
  • percieved seriousness/severity
  • benefits and barriers
  • cues to action
67
Q

Protection Motivation Theory of Health

A

health belief model + self-efficacy

68
Q

Theory of Reasoned Action

A

attitudes toward health behavior +subjective norms = influence on performance of behavior.

69
Q

Theory of Planned Behaviour

A

theory of reasoned action + percieved behavioural control

70
Q

Transtheoretical Model

A

stages of change:

  • precontemplation
  • contemplation
  • preparation
  • action
  • maintenance
71
Q

Barriers to modifying poor health

A
  • cumulative damage
  • unhealthy behaviours
  • can be pleasurable and addictive
72
Q

instability and interventions with at risk people

A

health habits are controled by different factors
factors may change over the history of the behaviour
health patterns vary over the lifetime

73
Q

coping

A

Problem-focused coping strategies represent actions that have the goal of changing or eliminating the stressor
Emotion-focused coping strategies:
The escape-avoidance strategy involves shifting your attention away from the stressor and toward other activities
Seeking social support involves turning to friends, relatives, or other people for emotional, tangible, or informational support
In distancing, you acknowledge the stressor but attempt to minimize or eliminate its emotional impact
Denial is a refusal to acknowledge that the problem even exists
Positive reappraisal occurs when you not only try to minimize the negative emotional aspects of the situation, but also try to create positive meaning by focusing on personal growth

74
Q

attitude

A

An attitude is a relatively enduring organisation of
beliefs, feelings, and behavioural tendencies
towards socially significant objects, groups, events,
and symbols.

75
Q

social cognition

A

The study of how people attend to, perceive,

interpret and respond to social stimuli

76
Q

persuasion studies looked at

A
  1. communicator
  2. message
  3. channel
  4. context
  5. audience variables
77
Q

attribution

A

The processes by which people infer the causes

of their own and others’ behaviour

78
Q

Characteristics/components of attitudes

A 
Cognitive component
(Thinking)
 Emotional component
(Feeling)
 Behavioural
component (Acting)
79
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A 
Two routes through which
receiver may process
message content
Central Route: message
recipient highly attentive
and processes information
through careful thought
and rational thinking
Peripheral Route:
bypasses rational process
and appeals to other
processes such as heart or
stomach e.g. Fast Food or
beer adds not presenting a
rational message but
appealing to senses
80
Q

Types of schemas (what is a person schema, event schema, self schema?)

A 
Event schemas / scripts
• associated with a particular
situation, they tell us what to
expect. 
Self-schemas
◦ Self concept
Person schemas
• knowledge structures about
specific people / types of people
81
Q

Realistic conflict theory

A

Conflict produced not
by personality, but by
competition for scarce
resources

82
Q

social identity theory

A

refers to the
way that our group
memberships affect our self
concept

83
Q

YALE studies

A

Manipulated aspects of persuasive
situation and looked at effects on
attitudinal change

84
Q

Phobic disorder

A

fear out of proportion to any

actual danger

85
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder

A

Nonspecific fears and anxiety
• Hypervigilance results in
distractibility, fatigue,
irritability and sleep problems

86
Q

Panic disorder

A 
Characterised by panic attacks – sudden
overwhelming attacks of terror
• Physical symptoms such as increased
heart‐rate, sweating, shortness of breath
common
87
Q

OCD

A

Obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) is
characterised by:
– Obsessions: persistent, unwanted and often
irrational thoughts and ideas
– Compulsions: intentional behaviours or rituals
performed in response to an obsession

88
Q

Depressive disorders

A

characterised by
disturbances in emotion and mood
(particularly negative mood)

89
Q

Bipolar

A

A mood disorder characterised by alternating periods
of depression and mania
• Bipolar disorder, which tends to run in families,
typically emerges in adolescence or early adulthood

90
Q

eclectic psychotherapy

A

sees clinicians combine
techniques from different approaches to fit the
particular client

91
Q

integrative psychotherapy

A

sees clinicians choose
elements from different approaches to develop their
own unique approach to treatment

92
Q

general adaption syndrome

A

Alarm Reaction: Body resources are mobilized to cope with added stress
Stage of Resistance: Body adjusts to stress but at a high physical cost; resistance to other stressors is lowered
Stage of Exhaustion: Body’s resources are drained and stress hormones are depleted, possibly resulting in psychosomatic disease, loss of health, or complete collapse

93
Q

types of neurons

A
  1. Sensory neurons (input)
    Sensory information from sensory cells to brain.
  2. Inter neuron
    Connects neurons (brain and spinal cord).
  3. Motor neuron (output)
    From interneurons to glands and muscles.
94
Q

Neurotransmitters

A 
dopamine - happiness, pleasure, love 
seratonin- happiness 
endorphines- mood improving
glutamate- memory 
acetylcholine- learning 
gaba- calming
95
Q

reticular formation

A

regulates awakeness

96
Q

thalamus

A

directing information

97
Q

assimilation

A

fitting new info fits into existing schemas

98
Q

accommodation

A

new info alters the existing schema

99
Q

abnormal behaviour

A

social norm deviance+personal distress+maladaptove behaviour.

Foundation Psychology (15 decks)

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