Revision 1C and 1D Flashcards
Convenience sampling
any sampling technique that involves selecting readily available members of the population, rather than using a random or systematic approach
Random Sampling
any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected
Stratified sampling
Any sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population in a way that ensures its strata (subgroups) are proportionally represented in the sample.
Allocation
The process of assigning participants to experimental conditions or groups
Extraneous variable
any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the DV
Confounding variable
a variable that has directly and systematically affected the dependent variable, apart from the independent variable. (could be an extraneous variable that has not been controlled for, or a variable that simply cannot be controlled)
Participant related variables
characteristics of a study’s participants that may effect the results
Order effects
the tendency for the order in which participants complete experimental conditions to have an effect on their behaviour.
Placebo effects
when participants beliefs or expectations impact how they behave (if they believe something will work, it will work)
Experimenter effect
The expectations of the experimenter can impact the results
situational variables
any environmental factor
that may affect the
dependent variable
non-standardised instructions and procedures
when directions and procedures
differ across participants
or experimental conditions
demand characteristics
cues in an experiment that
may signal to a participant
the intention of the
study and influence their
behaviour
Reducing extraneous and confounding variables- counterbalancing
a method to reduce order
effects that involves
ordering experimental
conditions in a certain way