Chapter 2 and 3 Flashcards
Psychological Development refers to…
changes in functioning across multiple domains over a life time
Nature or Nurture?
Both have a key roll in influencing development and interact with one another.
Hereditary factors (nature)
genetically passed down.
Environmental factors (nurture)
factors from physical or social surroundings
Biopsychosocial model
reflects how biological, psychological, and social factors interact and influence development
biological factors
genetic and/or physical facotrs
Psychological factors
factors relating to a persons mind, thoughts and feelings
Social factors
factors relating to a person’s relationships or external environment
Emotional Development
Life long development of skills that allow control, expression and recognition of emotions in an appropriate way.
4 elements of EQ (emotional intelligence)
- perceive and judge emotions accurately.
- access and evoke emotions
- comprehend emotions (language and information)
4, regulate own or others emotions
Attachment
the emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver.
- formed based on physical touch comfort
Three stages of attachment
secure attachment
insecure-avoidant
insecure-anxious
Cognitive development
The development of mental processes over a lifespan. the move from concrete (literal form) to symbolic thinking (sophisticated).
Assimilation
taking in new information and fitting it to an existing mental idea
Accommodation
changing an existing idea in order to fit new information
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
stages of cognitive development. based of evidence from his own children
Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)
object permanence developed
goal-directed behavior- can influence the physical world around
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
Ego-centrism- inability to see things from another’s perspective
Animism- the belief that objects have consciousness
Centration- focus on one object at a time
Concrete operational stage (7-12 years)
conservation- object doesn’t change in mass
classification- the grouping of things based on different categories.
Formal operational stage (12+ years)
Abstract thought- considering concepts that are not tangible (love, freedom)
logic- the ability to objectively consider a problem from multiple pathways.
Social Development
active learning of skills and behaviors that enable social interactions over a lifetime.
Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development
see table on onenote
Maturation
(the process of maturing) biologically programmed process of growth that has a fixed sequence (that differs from person to person.
Brain plasticity (during maturation)
the brain’s ability to change shape in response to experience and learning. this allows development of mapped-out skills.
Critical periods
the narrow rigid developmental period in which a specific function or skill is to be learned in the fastest and easiest way. if not learned in the critical perod, may not ever be leaned.
sensitive period
the optimal developmental period for specific functions or skills to be learned in the fastest and easiest way.
Typical behaviour
consistent with how a person normally reacts
Atypical behavior
Unusual for how the person normally reacts
Psychological criteria: cultural perspectives
influence of society on feelings and behaviors- e.g.- nationality group, religious background
Psychological criteria: social norms
unofficial rules according to how a person should react
Psychological criteria: statistical rarity
something that lies outside the range of something that is considered normal, enough so to be significant, e.g- a baby only starting to walk at age 3
Psychological criteria: personal distress
atypical, self-oriented negative emotional reaction
Psychological criteria: maladaptive behavior
atypical, action that impairs the ability to meet changing needs of everyday life.
Normality
behaviours considered to be common or acceptable.
Abnormality
behaviours considered to deviate from the norm
Normality: socio-cultural
normal according to a particular set of codes relating to culture or social context
Normality: Functional
normal if thoughts, feelings, and behaviors allow coping with everyday life.
Normality: Historical
what people think is normal changes through different historical periods
Normality: statistical
normality is based on what the majority of people think, feel or behave
Normality: Situational
normality is based on what is acceptable in different contexts
Adaptive development vs Maladaptive
adaptive is being able to adjust appropriately. compared to maladaptive behaviour.
Neurotypicality
individuals who display expected neurotypical functioning. Exists on a continuum with neurodiversity.
Neurodiversity
variations in neurotypical development and functioning
neurodivergent
an individual that has a variation in neurotypical development and functioning.
psychiatrists
a doctor who specializes in mental health and wellbeing
- can diagnose
- can prescribe
- can create management plans
- need a medical degree (up to 12 years of study)
Psychologist
professionally trained in one or more branches of psychology
- can diagnose
- cannot give meds
- can help through therapy and counseling
- can create management plans
- need psychology degree including post-grad study (up to 6 years)
Mental health workers
members of a mental health treatment team
- can support through counseling, education programs, and managing mental health records
