Chapter 6 and 7

Question 1

Personal Perception(s)

Answer 1

The different mental processes used to understand and form impressions of other people.

Question 2

Attribution

Answer 2

An evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the process of making this evaluation.

Question 3

Internal/ personal attribution

Answer 3

Judging behaviour as being caused by something personal within the individual.

Question 4

External attribution

Answer 4

Judgement of the cause of behaviour as a result of situational factors outside of the individual.

Question 5

Stable attribution

Answer 5

An individual believes an outcome will persist indefinitely.

Question 6

Unstable attribution

Answer 6

an individual believes an outcome will change over time.

Question 7

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 7

Our tendency to explain other people’s behaviour in terms of internal factors, while ignoring possible external factors. (tend to explain behaviour using internal attribution on others (they did a bad thing because they are mentally ill) and external attribution for self (I was bad because of what happened outside of me)

Question 8

Attribution style

Answer 8

Tendencies and repeated patterns in the way someone makes attributions.
- Optimistic style
- pessimistic style
- internal attribution style
- external attribution style

Question 9

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 9

The psychological tension that occurs when out thoughts feelings and/or behaviour do no align

Question 10

Attitude

Answer 10

an evaluation of something such as a person, object, event or idea.
- may be strong or weak
- formed through prior knowledge

Question 11

Cognitive biases

Answer 11

Conscious, systematic tendances to interpret information in a way that is neither rational or based on objective reality. These include:
- actor observatory
- self serving
- halo effect

Question 12

Tri-component model of attitudes

Answer 12

How the affective, behavioural and cognitive components interact and contribute to the attitude held.

Question 13

Affective component

Answer 13

emotional and intuitive feelings toward something affected in our attitude.
- happy
- sad
- scared, etc.

Question 14

Behavioural component

Answer 14

Our outward and observable actions that reflect our point of view about something.
- doing something
- saying something
- action taking

Question 15

Confirmative bias

Answer 15

The tendency to search for and accept information that supports our prior beliefs or behaviour, and ignores contradictory information.

Question 16

Cognitive component

Answer 16

Our thoughts and beliefs towards something
- I think it’s dangerous
- I believe that…

Question 17

Halo effect

Answer 17

The tendency for the impression we form abut one person to influence our overall beliefs about the person in other respects.

Question 18

Stereotype

Answer 18

a widely held belief and generalisation about a group, such as people, animals or objects

Question 19

False consensus bias

Answer 19

The tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people share the same ideas and attributions as we do

Question 20

Prejudice

Answer 20

An often negative preconception held against people within a certain group or social category.
(pre= before, judice= judging)

Question 21

Discrimination

Answer 21

The unjust treatment of people due to their membership within a certain social category.
- Stereotypes and prejudice can lead to discrimination

Question 22

Direct discrimination

Answer 22

people being treated unfairly due to association with a group

Question 23

Self serving bias

Answer 23

The tendency to attribute positive successes to our internal character and actions and attributions to our failures to our external factors are situational causes.

Question 24

Indirect discrimination

Answer 24

a practice that applies to everyone but unfairly disadvantages a group.

Question 25

Stigma

Answer 25

a feeling of shame or disgrace associated with particular circumstance, quality or person

Question 26

Social stigma

Answer 26

Negative stereotypes cause widespread feeling of disgrace

Question 27

Self-stigma

Answer 27

internalisation of negative stereotypes

Question 28

Group

Answer 28

2 or more people who interact with each other and can share a common goal

Question 29

In-group

Answer 29

A group you identify with

Question 30

Out-group

Answer 30

A group you don’t identify with

Question 31

Norm

Answer 31

Spoken or unspoken rules or values that defines or outlines appropriate behaviour or experiences within a group.

Question 32

Formal norm

Answer 32

explicit, specific, intentional, official, consistent

Question 33

Informal norm

Answer 33

implicit, emergent, varied interpretations, peer-influenced, flexible

Question 34

Actor observator bias

Answer 34

The tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external factors while attribute others behaviour to internal factors.