Chapter 6 and 7 Flashcards
Personal Perception(s)
The different mental processes used to understand and form impressions of other people.
Attribution
An evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the process of making this evaluation.
Internal/ personal attribution
Judging behaviour as being caused by something personal within the individual.
External attribution
Judgement of the cause of behaviour as a result of situational factors outside of the individual.
Stable attribution
An individual believes an outcome will persist indefinitely.
Unstable attribution
an individual believes an outcome will change over time.
Fundamental attribution error
Our tendency to explain other people’s behaviour in terms of internal factors, while ignoring possible external factors. (tend to explain behaviour using internal attribution on others (they did a bad thing because they are mentally ill) and external attribution for self (I was bad because of what happened outside of me)
Attribution style
Tendencies and repeated patterns in the way someone makes attributions.
- Optimistic style
- pessimistic style
- internal attribution style
- external attribution style
Cognitive dissonance
The psychological tension that occurs when out thoughts feelings and/or behaviour do no align
Attitude
an evaluation of something such as a person, object, event or idea.
- may be strong or weak
- formed through prior knowledge
Cognitive biases
Conscious, systematic tendances to interpret information in a way that is neither rational or based on objective reality. These include:
- actor observatory
- self serving
- halo effect
Tri-component model of attitudes
How the affective, behavioural and cognitive components interact and contribute to the attitude held.
Affective component
emotional and intuitive feelings toward something affected in our attitude.
- happy
- sad
- scared, etc.
Behavioural component
Our outward and observable actions that reflect our point of view about something.
- doing something
- saying something
- action taking
Confirmative bias
The tendency to search for and accept information that supports our prior beliefs or behaviour, and ignores contradictory information.
Cognitive component
Our thoughts and beliefs towards something
- I think it’s dangerous
- I believe that…
Halo effect
The tendency for the impression we form abut one person to influence our overall beliefs about the person in other respects.
Stereotype
a widely held belief and generalisation about a group, such as people, animals or objects
False consensus bias
The tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people share the same ideas and attributions as we do
Prejudice
An often negative preconception held against people within a certain group or social category.
(pre= before, judice= judging)
Discrimination
The unjust treatment of people due to their membership within a certain social category.
- Stereotypes and prejudice can lead to discrimination
Direct discrimination
people being treated unfairly due to association with a group
Self serving bias
The tendency to attribute positive successes to our internal character and actions and attributions to our failures to our external factors are situational causes.
Indirect discrimination
a practice that applies to everyone but unfairly disadvantages a group.
Stigma
a feeling of shame or disgrace associated with particular circumstance, quality or person
Social stigma
Negative stereotypes cause widespread feeling of disgrace
Self-stigma
internalisation of negative stereotypes
Group
2 or more people who interact with each other and can share a common goal
In-group
A group you identify with
Out-group
A group you don’t identify with
Norm
Spoken or unspoken rules or values that defines or outlines appropriate behaviour or experiences within a group.
Formal norm
explicit, specific, intentional, official, consistent
Informal norm
implicit, emergent, varied interpretations, peer-influenced, flexible
Actor observator bias
The tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external factors while attribute others behaviour to internal factors.
