review third test Flashcards
1, 2a, 2x muscle fiberes
slow twitch high oxidative, small, weak
2a: jack of all trades master of non. last long time, high oxygen, decent strength. is worse than 1 and 2x
2x muscle fibers low oxidative, ery good strength, fast twitch
lactic acid can cause what
lowering of ph
endurance training
can’t change type 1 fiber to type 2. you can change 2x to 2a.
golgi tends and muscle spindles are apart of what
muscles send stress signal. these are both are for proprioception
golgi tendon organs:for tension
cardiac cells
are autoryhthmic
intercalated discs: gives them a tight joint
gap junctions:allow them to funciton as one big unit
allow electroconductivy to go
difference b/w cardiac and smooth
the use of calcium channels. heart have calcium induced clacium releaseed.
they have volrtage gated calcium channels are not directly connected to calcium channels.
dense bodies
fda
verisocicity
dense bodies. for smooth muscle hfieowa
smooth muscle uses what
calmodloin. cardiac DOESNT’.
remember order of activaiton
first is sano activates the heart
then
rkg
cardi system order
blood velles:arteres, arterioles. capillaries, venules, veins.
what can increase the venus return?
the limphatic system can help increase venus return. it puts fluid back into circulation.
what doe limphatic sytem do
transport fats, immune system, puts fluid back into system
compositon of blood
45 formed elments. very smalll buff elements which is diff types of white bloo d cells.
osmorecepotrs
in the hypothalmus cause release of adh
if leukocytes en dsin phils it is
agranules vs granules
granules
mono cytes become what
macrophages. they engulf.
red blood cells come from what
red bone marrow. due to erytorpoesis which is released by kidneys.
you have antibodies for hwat you are (with regards to blood bype)
with what you’r enot
clotting which comes first. platetet or fibirin clot
platete clot.
vasopasm come before what
platetlets. a vasopasm is what?
know the valves .atriventricular AV valve. semilunar
fdas
lub dub is what
LUB IS CLSOING OF AV VALVES. DUB IS CLSOING OF SEMILUNAR ALVES
edv - esv
end diastolic volume 0 end systolic volume = stroke volume.
ejection fraction
39 MIN
contractility
helps heart squeeze harder
frank starting system 40 min
40 min
fda
exiciatiaton calcium
ex
refractory periods
atria - ventricles
depolar - repolar
42: electrocardiogram ecg or ekg
strucute of blood vessels 44
large arteries also can stretch which makes then elastic. they can pform as a pressure reservoir .
next size down is thicker in middle releative to thier size. they are muscle or disbributor arteries
arteriole: have lot sof smooth muscle can re direct blood but not as resisitant. they can tighten up or vasodilate
capillaries: two types
40% of blood in large vein
tunic media
DT
precapillar sphincter
is closed down to a metarteriole so won’t get bypass. choosin g to make it go through capillary bed.
if it is opened 45 MIN.
venous vales
ensure one direciton flow of blood. VENIS TWO 46 MIN. SKELETAL PUMPS AND VENOUS PUMPS.
Total cholesterhol ldls vs hdls
hdls are good. ldls are bad. look at ratio
statin drugs do what
lower cholesterol levels
astherscloerosis and inflammation
inflammation can cuase asthersclerosis and vice versa.
lympathic ssytem funcitons
fdsa
cardiac output stroke volume regular of cardic rate A
fda
symphatic riases heart rate
vagus or sympahtic influences
edv preload
fd
what 3 factors can increse stroke volume
preload want it higher
after load you wan tlower
blod pressure is like afterload. .
prelaod is how much comes into the heart, venous return
contracitility how hard the heart squeezes down.
thhen cardiac ouput also goes up
another way to determine cardiac output
besides hr times sv.
delta pover r
mean arterial pressure 54 MIN d
what can raise and lower blood pressure
hormones that mess with blood pressure. start with a and other one with r
aldosterone: pulls in sodium and water which raises blood pressure cuz volume increases.
adh:
angiotenson: biggest effect on blood pressure.
atriometriac peptide: lowers blood pressure
renan:raises it
55 min
hydrostatic vs osmotic pressure
hydrostatic is pushing. capillar hydrostatic pressure. interstital wi
starling forces
fdsa
what can cause edema
high arterial blood pressure, venous obstruciton, leakge of plastma protein into interstiicals space, decrease plasma protein pressure, obstruciton of lymphatic drainage.
adh
produced by hypothamlus based on oslmarity oslmality. important in kidneys.
adh and water retention
also simulates third
aldosterone
fdsa
what does amp do
fda
factors causing resistance
delta p over r
length of the vessel (more length increases resistanace), viscosity of the blood higher viscosity increases resistance, raidus of the blood vessel (smaller raidus increase resistance a lot to the 4th power. raidus is important.
puasiel law
fdsa
TPR
dfa
what can locally moedulat the blood flow
smooth muscle can relax by bradykini, nitric oxide, and prostiglandin i2 to produce vasodilation.
myogennic mechansims:if high amount of blood flow is responded by smooth muscle
metabolic control ; controled by metabilite that it produced. CO@, lactic acid, potassium.
reactive hypermia:constriciton causes build up of metabolic waste which will cause vasodilation.
does heart give more blood flow durilng diastoly or systoly
diastolic cuz it lets blood in went it is relaxed.
does heart give more blood flow durilng diastoly or systoly
diastolic cuz it lets blood in went it is relaxed.
coronary blood flow
fewea
skeltal msucles
receive 20-25% can increase 20 times. 1,000 to 20,000
at rest athlete has highe rstroke volume
it is why they have low resting heart rate.
cerebral circulation is what during exercise.
held constant at about 750 even if exercised.
baroreceptors
activated chagnes in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors (stretch receptors) in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses. stimulated and fire faster if more blood pressure
if given systolic and diastolic and the pulse, give hte pulse pressure, the heart rate, and the mean arterial pressure.
know how to calculate mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure,
mean arterial pressure: 2 parts dp to 1 parts sp divided b 3.
know difference b/w r waves
different b/w heart beats
3 kinds of metabolism for 3 differen subsrate and fuel soruces
fea
fastest way to get energy to get atp
creatine phosphate and add, add turns into atp and phosphate loses creatine
glycolysis
glucose-pyruvate acid . from here can go to lactate, acan go to acetyal coa, and glycerol.
cory cycle lactate to pyruvac acid
gfa
gluconeogenseiss
pyruvic acid to glucose.
acetyal coa
usued for kerbs cycle. from here 3nadh, 1fadh2, 1atp per cycle. glucose cranks cycle twice. from there etc (electron transport chain)
lipids (triglycerides) broken down is called what
lipollysis. from here 3 fa’s.
3 fa’s turn into aceytal coa throgh what
beta oxidation.
transamination and oxidative de animation what is the difference?
oxidative de animating forming urea.
remember hormones for huger and satiety.
1 30 30
remember hormones for huger and satiety.
1 30 30
hunger: ((((((ghrelin))))), npy,
saitety: ((((lectin, cck,))) melocortin, msh, ppy (polypeptide y)
insulin and growth hormine are anabolic or catabolic
anabolic. everyhing else tends to be catabolic
metabolic syndrome
high waiste measurement, high cholesterol, etc. 1 37 30
