chapter 6 (last chapter of first test) Flashcards
intrinsic communication is where
inside cells
blanck of water is within cells in intracellular compartment
67%
extracellular fluid coposiiton
20% plasma 80% blood
ground substance
composed of glycoproteins (protiens and sugars) and proteolgycans (composed of polysaccharides)
Integrens**
are glycoprtiens tha textend from cytoskelton and bind to extracellular matrix
functions of integres
FINISH SLIDE
plasma membrane permeability
geerally not permeabel to proteins nucleic acids, or other large moeclues, generally permeable to ions, nutrients, and wastes.
categoresi of membrane transport 2
noncarrier mediated (simple diffusion of lipid soluble molecules, simple diffusion of ions,
carrier mediated (faicliated fisuisn, ataive transport
wahat can pass easily
small nonpolar lipid soluble molecues, water which often uses aquaporins, gas exchnage like oxygen and carbon dioxide.
** rate of diffsuion depends on what
- magnited of concentraiton difference the driving force for diffusion
- pereambility of the m;ebrane ot the moecules
- temperature of the souiton; higher temperature increase the rate
- suface areaof the membrane; increased by micrvilli.
requirements of osmosis
most be a solute concentration that is different
membrane must be imperable to the solute or concentraiton diff wil lnot be maintained.
osmotic pressure is waht
force surrounding a cel required tosotp osmosis. used to describe osmotic ull of a solution. higher solute concetraiton would require a higher osmotic pressure. pure water has an osmotic pressure of zero.
blood glucose in body should be **
70-110
tonicity
the effect of a solute concentration on the osmosis of water. if membrane seraptes a .3m glucose and a .15 NaCl solution no net movement of water = siontic.
**crenation
water comes out of cell
**homeostasis of plasma concentration
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ADH
faciliated diffusion**
uses no atp, still go form high to low concetration, requires specific carrier-mediated proteins. transport prtoeins may always exist in plamsa memebrane or be iserted when needed.
secondary active transport
hitching a ride. also called coupled transport. energy needed to mvoe moelcues across thier concetration gradient isacauired by moving sodium back into the cell.
cotransport or symport
other moelcule FINISH SLIDE.
ABSOROPTION **
TARNSPORT OF DIGETSIVE PRODUCTS ACROSS INTESTINAL EPTHELUM INTO THE BLOOD
REABSORTOPION**
transporrt of molecules out of urinary filrate into the blood.
Tight junctions
finish slide
bulk tranpsort
fusion of vesicle with membrane.
membrane potential
difference in charge is called a potential difference. inside of cell is negative.
high potassium in cell vs
high sodium outside
**main ions in cells
Sodium inside MM 145 mM outside
K 150 mM in and 5 mM out
Cl 9Mm in 125 out
Ca .0001 n and 2.5 out.
gap junctions**
allow adjacet cell sto apss ions and regulartor y moeclues through a channel b/w cells
paracrine signaling **
cells with an organ secrete molecules that diffuse acros shte extracellular space (talk with neighbor0
**a steroid or nonpolar would be for
nuclear direct communcation. does not need messenger
if something is polar **
needs messengers
**patho physiology
concerns how disease works
homeostasis
balance the body based on negative feedback loop.
negative feed back loops 3 parts
trying to control what it is measuring. FINSISH SLIDE
dynamic constancy
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POSITIVE FEEDBAC
FINISH
BIG REGULATORS OF HOMEOSTASIS
NERVES AND ENDOCRINE.
FOUR MAJOR CATEOGRIES OF TISSUES
MUSCLE, NERVOUS. CONNECTIVE, FINISH SLIDE
CARDIAChas special connections an dnucleated discs
fdfd
neuroglia
second kind of nerve cell for support, helping connecitons holding things togehter. outnumber neurons 9 to 1. for nutrients. don’t conduct nerve impulse themselves.
four types of connective tissue
proper, cartilage, bone, blood.
collagen, elastic, and reticular
for adhesive qualities. `
chondrocytes are
cartilage.
goosebumps are due to what
erector pillae.
bottom layer of skin is what
adipose.
acids vs base
acids donate base take protons.
how do buffers stabilizae
accept or donate H
bicarbonate
main buffer in body
know range of blood ph
7.35-7.45
three mon sacchs
glucose fructose galactose.
adding glucose to monos makes what know 3 disacchs
fehwa
what is our stored form of starch
glycogen
hydrolysis vs dehydration
hydrolysis adds h20 to split. dehydration takds h20 to synthesize
phsophlipids have what and triglycerides
??
ketones from what
fat sources but used by brain.
phosphate head is what
polar
amphypathic
has polar and non polar
prostaglandins
regulate pain and inflammation, clotting.
know alpha helix and beta heated sheets are
secondary
quatanery strucutres are
hemogloboins
prtoein funcitons
fenzymes antibodies recptors carriers, structure
pyrimidne
cyto,thimein uracil singe C ringe plus nitrogen.
purine
gunaine, adenien. 2 C rings plus ntrigoen.
where is ribosomal RNA made
nucelolus
omessenger rna and hole sin nuecles
they travel there??
cytoplasm and cytosol
know difference finish slide.
protien that goes through membraneis
integral
peripheral protein is
protein that jus tone side
cholesterhol
gives flexability
what isi cytoskeleton made of
microtubules and microfilaments. move and provide support
what do lysosymes do
clean up with hdigestive enzymes.
autophagy
process of digesting worn out or damaged cells
apoptosis
programmed cell death.
peroxisides have what
peroxide.
smooth er
detoxing liver synthesis
where is chromatin
nuecleolus
methylatio
suppresse expression. makes a gene silent.
proteins create what
nucelosomes whihc is wrapped around histones.
what does helicase do
breaks up bonds of dna so it can be transcribed
what does polymeras do
copyer of dna
what doe sligase do
connects dna toether.
in what phase do we syntehize dna material
s phase
spllitting up of genetic material is wher
meisois
what is cytokinesis
splitting of cell.
what is the point of meiosis
fed
hypertrophy vs hyperplasia
hypertrophy is growth of given fiber.
hyperplasia:grwoth due to an icrases in number of cells; responsible for grwoth of most body regions.
Ilift so muschles is hypertrophy and calluses is hyperplasia.
what does crossing over do
increase variety, have diversity in the gene and become nique.
