Review Slides Flashcards
1
Q
Innervation: Muscles of Palate (Except Tensor Palati)
A
CN X
2
Q
Otitis media
A
middle ear infection. Common in children. The middle ear is a dead end cavity
3
Q
Function of tarsal glands (in eyelid)
A
keeps tears from evaporating (they release this oily thing; not important)
4
Q
Location of pulse of carotid artery
A
upper border of thyroid cartilage
5
Q
Cartilage to bone distribution of Auditory Tube
A
Anterior 2/3 are cartilage. Posterior 1/3 is bone.
6
Q
What does the hypothalamus control
A
sympathetic function
7
Q
How can an infection from the respiratory, prolonged in the auditory ossicles, lead to the brain?
A
Via the tegmen tympani (roof of middle ear)
8
Q
Failure of fusion of medial nasal process and maxillary process can lead to…
A
cleft lip
9
Q
Cranial nerve supplied by third branchial arch
A
IX
10
Q
Site of Oropharyngeal membrane
A
palatoglossal arch
11
Q
How to tell facial arteries and veins apart?
A
Facial arteries wiggle around. Facial vein completely straight
12
Q
Cause of cleft lip
A
failure of fusion of medial nasal and maxillary processes
13
Q
Epidural hematoma is (fast/slow)
A
fast
14
Q
Cranial nerve supplied by second branchial arch
A
VII
15
Q
Vertebral level of carotid artery pulse
A
vertebral level C4
16
Q
Why can’t children with middle ear infections localize pain?
A
Sensory innervation is visceral sensory, so it’s not precise
17
Q
Cranial nerve supplied by fourth branchial arch
A
X
18
Q
Neurons with all processes (dendrites and axons) inside the CNS
A
Interneuron
19
Q
Innervation: Tensor Tympani
A
CN V (V3)
20
Q
An increase in CSF pressure can affect vision. What surrounds the optic nerve?
A
Dura and Subarachnoid Space
21
Q
Babinski sign is a result of…
A
upper motor neuron lesion
22
Q
Swelling of the optic disc (where optic nerve leaves eye)
A
Papilledema
23
Q
Mumps
A
Viral infection of the parotid gland
24
Q
Lesion associated with clasped knife reflex
A
upper motor neuron lesions
25
Push cerebellum through foramen magnum
tonsillar herniation
26
Connect orbit and nasal cavities between ethmoid and frontal bones. Contains anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves, arteries, and veins (branches of V1 and Opthalmic artery/vein)
Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal Foramina
27
Found medial and dorsal to optic nerve
Long Ciliary Nerves
28
Formed from Branchial Pouch 3
Inferior Parathyroid Glands and Thymus Gland
29
Contents of supraorbital foramen in frontal bone
Supraorbital nerve (from V1), supraorbital artery/vein, and opthalmic artery/vein
30
Sensory fiber type. Monosynaptic connections with alpha motor neurons (fastest reflexes)
Group Ia
31
Action of orbicularis oculi
close eye
32
Cranial nerve supplied by first branchial arch
V (all in V3)
33
Branches of the Facial Nerve running through the Parotid Gland (Superior to Inferior)
* Temporal
* Zygomatic
* Buccal
* Mandibular
* Cervical
Mnemonic: Tır Zevki BMC
34
Lower motor neuron disorder of Facial Nerve
bell's palsy
35
Circular smooth muscle constricting the pupil
Constrictor Pupil
36
Lateral Strabismus
Wall-eyed. Due to paralyzed medial rectus
37
Functions of chorda tympani nerve in tympanic membrane
1) carries taste special sense
| 2) parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion
38
Innervation: Stylopharyngeus
CN IX
39
Torn in an epidural hematoma
middle mingeal artery
40
What is blurred vision (diplopia) caused by
Two eyes not moving together (CN III, IV, VI)
41
Two things that open eye
sympathetics and oculomotor nerve
42
Thickening of the lens for near vision
Accomodation
43
Crescent shaped hematoma on CT
subdural hematoma
44
Sense lost if tympanic membrane is pierced
taste
45
Are the temporalis and masseter inside or outside of the mandible
outside
46
Sensory fiber type. Either Monosynaptic connections direct to motor neuron or polysynaptic connections to motor neurons via interneurons.
Group II
47
Thin plane of petrous part of temporal bone; separates from middle cranial fossa
Tegmen Tympani.
48
Passes through Parotid Gland
1) CN VII
2) Retromandibular Vein
3) External Carotid Artery
4) Auriculotemporal nerve (V3)
49
Innervation to Dilator Pupil muscle
sympathetics
50
Parts of the brainstem leading into the spinal cord
Midbrain -> Pons -> Medulla
51
Outflow of parasympathetic innervation
Cranio-sacral levels
52
Obstruction of tarsal (Meibomian) glands in eyelid
Chalazion
53
Innervation: Muscles of Pharynx (minus stylopharyngeus)
CN X
54
When lens is thickened, suspensory ligaments are...
relaxed
55
Lens shaped mass on CT
epidural hematoma
56
In maxillary and lacrimal bones and inferior nasal concha; contains: tears
Nasolacrimal Duct
57
Function of Lateral and Medial Pterygoid
Aid lateral movement of jaw by pulling toward opposite side
58
Innervation: Mylohyoid
CN V (V3)
59
Damage to VI at rest
Medial strabismus (cross-eyed) due to damage. Paralyzed lateral rectus
60
Only innervated by sympathetics (found in skin)
Sweat glands and peripheral blood vessels
61
Artery passing through the cavernous sinus
internal carotid artery
62
Types of neurons in trigeminal nerve
somatic sensory
63
Clinical sign of infection in sinus
blurred vision
64
Formed from Branchial Pouch 1
1) Tubotympanic recess
2) auditory tube
3) tympanic cavity
65
Innervation: Muscles of mastication
CN V (V3)
66
Type of innervation to lacrimal gland (CN VII)
Parasympathetics from Pterygopalatine Ganglion
67
Innervation: Anterior Belly of Digastric
CN V (V3)
68
Can form thyroid tissue (cysts) along path (midline, anterior to hyoid, larynx)
Thyroglossal Duct Remnants
69
Fractures of Zygomatic Arch
1) zygomatic bone
2) zygomatic process of maxillary bone
3) zygomatic process of temporal bone
70
Source of the long ciliary nerves
V1
71
Type of innervation in Short Ciliary Nerves
Parasympathetic control CN III
72
Innervation: Muscles of Larynx
CN X
73
Muscle that contains the tested sense organ when tapped
homonymous muscle
74
Floor of middle ear
Jugular foramen. Internal jugular vein can rupture to the middle ear.
75
Anhydrosis
lack of sweating
76
Fibrous connective tissue 'skeleton' of eyelid, deep to orbital septum
Tarsal plate
77
Four muscles involved in lateral movements of jaw
1) lateral pterygoid
2) medial pterygoid
3) temporalis
4) masseter
78
Voluntary motor to skeletal muscles of face, ear, pharynx, and neck that are derived from branchial arches
Branchiomotor
79
Ciliary ganglion is parasympathetics of...
Oculomotor Nerve (III)
80
Effect of Trigeminal Nerve Damage in Jaw
Jaw deviates TOWARD paralyzed side; unopposed action of lateral pterygoid muscle of intact side
81
Damage to sympathetic pathways leading to miosis, ptosis, and anhydrosis
Horner's Syndrome
82
TMJ (Temporomandibular joint) dysfunction or Jaw lock
Articular disc stuck on articular tubercle
83
Result of facial paralysis that can paralyze orbicularis oculi muscle
damage to the cornea of the eye (unable to spread tears)
84
Palpebral part vs orbital part of orbicularis oculi
Palpebral part closes eyelids. Orbit part "buries" eyelids.
85
Innervation: Stylohyoid
CN VII
86
Cranial nerve supplied by sixth branchial arch
XI
87
Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons in Trigeminal Nerve
Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion
88
Autogenic inhibition
Ib sensory neuron (golgi tendon organ) makes excitatory synapse onto interneuron. Interneuron makes inhibitory synapse onto motor neuron and synergist; excitatory to antagonist.
89
Path of tear drainage
Lacrimal puncta on medial end of eyelid -> lacrimal canaliculi to lacrimal sac -> sac connects to nasolacrimal duct which drains to inferior meatus of nasal cavity
90
Affects (at rest) of damage to Oculomotor (III) nerve damage
1) Lateral Strabismus (Wall-eyed)
2) Ptosis
3) Dilated Pupil
91
Compresses mouth and keeps food between teeth when chewing
buccinator
92
Radial smooth muscle in charge of dilating the pupli
Dilator Puplin
93
Innervation to the Constrictor Pupil
Parasympathetics from CN III
94
At the wall of what does the internal carotid artery turn (carotid siphon)?
Cavernous sinus. Passes through this.
95
Roof of middle ear
Tegmen Tympani
96
Innervation: Tensor Palati
CN V (V3)
97
Formed from Branchial Pouch 2
Lining (crypts) of Palatine Tonsils
98
First Branchial Membrane forms...
Tympanic membrane
99
Causes of ptosis
1) Damage to CN III (levator palpebrae superioris)
| 2) Damage to sympathetics from T1-2 (superior tarsal muscle)
100
Boundary between oral cavity and pharynx
palatoglossal arch
101
Stye / Horde'Olum
Result from obstruction/infection of sebaceous glands in subcutaneous layer of the eyelid
102
Three mechanisms of subarachnoid hematoma
Tearing of cerebral artery, aneurysm (berry aneurysm), or cerebral vein
103
Symptoms of mass pressing on Trigeminal Ganglion
Numbness and intense pain
104
Pushing the temporal lobe through tentorial notch
uncal herniation
105
Are the lateral/medial pterygoids inside or outside of the mandible
inside
106
Difference between lower and upper motor neuron disorder of VII
Sparing of upper face in upper motor neuron disorder
107
Innervation of Parotid Gland
Parasympathetics of CN IX
108
What does the resting position of the eye depend on
tonic activities in muscle
109
Innervation: Posterior Belly of Digastric
CN VII
110
Formed from Branchial Pouch 4
Superior Parathyroid Glands and C-Cells (Calcitonin) of Thyroid
111
Corresponding cranial nerve and function of ciliary ganglion
CN III. Sphincter pupilae and ciliary muscles
112
Where does CSF reabsorb into venous sinuses
Arachnoid Villi
113
Innervation of middle ear
Visceral sensory from CN IX
114
After IV damage, what happens to the eye.
Patient cannot look down and out (superior oblique affected). Difficulty walking down stairs; head tilted
115
Structures passing through wall of cavernous sinus
1) internal carotid artery
2) CN III
3) CN IV
4) CN IV
5) CN V1
6) CN V2
7) CN VI
116
Compression of Auriculotemporal nerve due to swelling (Mumps) or parotid tumor can also lead to...
referred pain to the ear
117
Location of CSF production
choroid plexuses
118
Contents of infraorbital foramen in maxillary bone
1) Infraorbital nerve (V2), artery, and vein
| 2) Maxillary Artery
119
First Branchial Cleft/Groove forms...
External Auditory Meatus
120
What do patients also complain about in Bell's Palsy (besides the facial drooping shit)
earaches
121
Subdural hematoma is (fast/slow)
slow
122
Treatment for otitis media
tympanostomy (tube through tympanic membrane)
123
Outflow of sympathetic innervation
Thoraco-Lumbar levels
124
Function of Temporalis and Masseter
Aid lateral movement of jaw by pulling toward same side
125
Mydriasis
Dilated pupil due to paralyzed pupillary constrictor
126
Somatic sensory to the skin, oral/nasal cavities, joints, and muscles are almost all Trigeminal nerve except....
Skin of outer ear (VII, IX, X)
127
Crossed extension reflex
reversal of excitation/inhibition in opposite limb
128
Found lateral and dorsal to optic nerve
Short Ciliary Nerves
129
Paralysis of the buccinator. Problems
difficulty in chewing and drooling
130
What is the Babinski Sign and what is normal
Babinski is extension of big toe and fanning of other toes upon stimulus to skin of sole of foot. Normally the toes just flex down
131
Definition of a reflex
stereotyped motor response to a specific sensory stimulus
132
Affect on the lens when ciliary muscles contract
lens thickens
133
Only two groups of somatic motor somites in head
1) preotic somites -- extrinsic muscles of eye (CN III, IV, and VI)
2) occipital somites -- muscles of tongue in CN XII
134
When lens is normal (less thick) suspensory ligaments are...
taut
135
Innervation: Stapedius
CN VII
136
Inferior sagittal sinus doesn't directly join the superior sagittal sinus. What's its course
Inferior sagittal joins great cerebral vein to form straight sinus -- which then joins the superior sagittal sinus
137
Symptom of damage to the Short Ciliary Nerves (in isolation)
dilated pupil
138
Reduced re-absorption of CSF can produce communicating hydrocephalus due to....
Calcified arachnoid granulations
139
Found in skin and attach to hair follicles. Innervated by sympathetics
Arrector Pilae Muscles
140
Layers of scalp
1) Skin
2) Connective tissue
3) epicranial Aponeurosis
4) Loose areolar tissue
5) Periosteum
141
Location of cleft lip
philtrum of lip
142
Facial paralysis can paralyze what in the mouth
buccinator
143
Structures of skin are innervated only by....
sympathetics
144
Bleed of internal carotid artery inside cavernous sinus
Carotid-Cavernous Fistula
145
Ptosis
Drooping eyelid due to paralyzed levator palpebrae superioris
146
Miosis
pupillary constriction
