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SF2 1 > Retina > Flashcards

Retina Flashcards

1
Q

Two retinal pathways

A

Vertical and lateral pathways

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2
Q

All synapses in the retina (vertical pathway) use this neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

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3
Q

Retinal cell that fires action potentials

A

Ganglion cells. Rest do graded potentials only

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4
Q

Mediate lateral inhibition between photoreceptors

A

horizontal cells

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5
Q

Mediate connections between rod photoreceptors and ganglion cells

A

amacrine cells

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6
Q

Where is the density of cones high in the retina

A

fovea

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7
Q

Where is the density of rods high in the retina

A

peirphery

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8
Q

What does convergence mean in the context of the retina?

A

Number of photoreceptors per ganglion cell. Greater convergence means more receptors per ganglion cell.

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9
Q

Light causes photoreceptor to [depolarize/hyperpolarize]

A

hyperpolarize

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10
Q

Photoreceptors [depolarize/hyperpolarize] in the dark

A

depolarize

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11
Q

Na+ and Ca2+ permeable ligand gated channels on photoreceptors

A

cGMP gated channels

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12
Q

Is cGMP concentration high or low inside photoreceptors in the dark?

A

High

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13
Q

Why does cGMP concentration decrease in photoreceptors exposed to light?

A

light activates phosphodiesterase, converting cGMP to GMP

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14
Q

Two components of photopigment

A

retinal and opsin

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15
Q

Light absorbing chromophore

A

retinal

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16
Q

Retinal binding protein

A

opsin

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17
Q

Retinal’s conformation in absence of light

A

11-cis-retinal (bent)

18
Q

Retinal’s conformation with light

A

all-trans-retinal (straight)

19
Q

What stimulates phosphodiesterase after exposed to light?

A

transducin (g-protein) which is activated by conformation change in opsin

20
Q

Why are rods so sensitive to light

A

signal amplification

21
Q

What is the difference in cones for different colors?

A

types of opsin

22
Q

medical term for color blindness

A

dyschromatopsia

23
Q

What chromosome does loss of blue sight occur on?

A

chromosome 7

24
Q

What mainly regulates light sensitivity?

A

Cytoplasmic Ca2+

25
Q

Mechanism for Ca2+ regulating light sensitivity

A

Modulates affinity of CNG channels for cGMP and activity of guanylyl cyclase

26
Q

Other contributors to light adaptation (besides main Ca2+ mechanism)

A

1) Other biochemical processes not involving Ca2+
2) bleaching – conversion of all retinal to all-trans-retinal
3) pupillary light reflex

27
Q

Mechanism for creation of center-surround receptive fields

A

Lateral inhibitory connections of horizontal cells create the center-surround receptive fields

28
Q

Photoreceptor-bipolar cell synapses are always inhibitory

A

false. They can be either excitatory or inhibitory

29
Q

Horizontal cell-photoreceptor synapses are always inhibitory

A

true

30
Q

Do on-center bipolar cells hyperpolarize or depolarize in response to light?

A

depolarize

31
Q

Do off-center bipolar cells hyperpolarize or depolarize in response to light?

A

hyperpolarize

32
Q

Cones have both on-center and off-center bipolar cells. What about rods?

A

just on-center

33
Q

How rods communicate to the optic nerve?

A

They borrow cone bipolar cells via their amacrine cells

34
Q

Paraneoplasia

A

antibody against mGlu6 (glutamate receptor in rod-bipolar cell synapse)

35
Q

Cause of congenital stationary night blindness

A

several gene mutation affecting on-center bipolar cells (including mGlu6 receptor)

36
Q

Three types of retinal ganglion cells

A

M-type, P-type, NonM-NonP-type

37
Q

Most common type of retinal ganglion cell

A

P-type

38
Q

P-type vs M-type retinal ganglion cells: larger receptive field

A

M-type

39
Q

P-type vs M-type retinal ganglion cells: conduction velocity

A

P-type not as fast

40
Q

Functional role of M-type retinal ganglion cells

A

detect movement

41
Q

Functional role of P-type retinal ganglion cells

A

detect form and fine detail

42
Q

Two types of color-opponent ganglion cells

A

1) red-green

2) blue yellow

SF2 1 (13 decks)

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