Review Sessions Flashcards
How many ATP produced in during Krebs Cycle?
34
Products of Glycolysis
2 ATP and pyruvic acid and lactic acid(if no oxygen)
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A,D,E & K
What can be an issue of fat soluble vitamins?
they are stored in fat cells and you can overdose
What foods are high in vitamin A
carrots, whole milk, colorful fruits and veggies
foods high in vitamin D
sunshine, fortified milk, eggs, and saltwater fish
foods high in vitamin E
green leafy veggies, nuts, seeds
foods high in vitamin K
dark berries, green leafy veggies
What are water soluble vitamins?
vitamin C and B vitamins
apoptosis
programmed cell death
What happens if apoptosis doesn’t occur properly?
cells will begin to divide and grow abnormally and cancerous growth can occur.
Na/K pump; ratio of Na:K; where are both ions located
3:2; K Ions located inside the cell, Na ions outside the cell
Atrophy
cell size shrinks due to no use
dystrophy
cell size shrink due to an auto immune reason
What causes Tay Sachs?
mutation on chromosome 15
Who is susceptible to Tay Sachs?
Jewish descent
What happens during Tay Sachs disease?
autosomal lysosome disease; absent enzyme that makes body eat itself; neuro degenerative disorder
when someone has a heart attack, pain in arm
Example of referred pain
pigmented skin rash in sun caused by what vitamin?
Niacin
Simple Reflex Arc steps
Afferent neuron carries sensory impulses to enter dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
The afferent neuron connects with an interneuron in the substantia gelatinosa.
The interneuron connects to an efferent neuron that exits via the ventral horn and enacts motor activity.
The simple reflex arc is protective, what does this mean?
Allows for immediate action by the body without requiring time for interpretation by the brain.
Gate Control Theory 3 neuron chain
1: afferent neuron stimulated by pain in periphery, sending an impulse into the spinal cord.
2: interneuron that is influenced by descending nerve tracts from the brain or ascending nerve tracts from the spinal cord
3: neurons impulse projects upward into the brain
complex regional pain syndrome
progressive disorder characterized by severe pain, edema, discoloration and changes in skin
Fibromyalgia
people experience long term body wide pain; to be diagnosed have to have it for more than 3 months and have pain in 11-18 tender points
Trigeminal Neuralgia
nerve disorder that causes a stabbing or electric shock-like pain in parts of the face
Afferent neurons
sensory nerves that carry pain, temp, touch, proprioception, vibration, and pressure sensations into spinal cord
Two types of Afferent neurons
A delta: large and myelinated; conduct impulses rapidly and cause first, short-lived acute
C delta: smaller and unmyelinated; slower and cause persistent dull pain
visceral pain
pain from deep organs, can be vague, pressure like squeezing
somatic pain
originates from ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels and nerves; dull, poorly localized pain of longer duration
Dehydration
body cells shrink
The causes of fluid Volume Overload
heart failure, certain cancers secrete ADH
What is albumin role in fluid balance
the protein attracts water, if not enough it can cause edema; low albumin= edema
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
its metabolic acidosis so experience kushmols breathing to compensate; caused by an increased potassium
Foods high in potassium
dreid fruits, spinach, meat, bananas
Salt substitutes are high in ____________
potassium
What med doesn’t go with potassium?
Degoxen
Causes of hypomagnesium
burns, frequent urination, laxative abuse
What are you at risk for when you are constantly vomiting?
Metabolic alkalosis
Increased calcium causes_______ phosphorus?
decreased
Increased calcium causes __________ magnesium?
Increased
Where are Cilia located and what do they do?
In respiratory tract, push debris out= why smokers have poor breathing
How to best asses daily input/output?
daily weight
Hypoventilation causes what?
respiratory acidosis; ex: drug overdose
Renal failure causes what?
metabolic acidosis
Tetracycoline does what?
breaks down ribosome, inhibits protein synthesis
Not getting enough O2 causes
lactic acid buildup= pain in muscles
how to treat hyperventilation
breathing into a bag to rebreath CO2
