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Patho > Review Sessions > Flashcards

Review Sessions Flashcards

1
Q

How many ATP produced in during Krebs Cycle?

A

34

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2
Q

Products of Glycolysis

A

2 ATP and pyruvic acid and lactic acid(if no oxygen)

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3
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D,E & K

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4
Q

What can be an issue of fat soluble vitamins?

A

they are stored in fat cells and you can overdose

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5
Q

What foods are high in vitamin A

A

carrots, whole milk, colorful fruits and veggies

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6
Q

foods high in vitamin D

A

sunshine, fortified milk, eggs, and saltwater fish

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7
Q

foods high in vitamin E

A

green leafy veggies, nuts, seeds

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8
Q

foods high in vitamin K

A

dark berries, green leafy veggies

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9
Q

What are water soluble vitamins?

A

vitamin C and B vitamins

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10
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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11
Q

What happens if apoptosis doesn’t occur properly?

A

cells will begin to divide and grow abnormally and cancerous growth can occur.

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12
Q

Na/K pump; ratio of Na:K; where are both ions located

A

3:2; K Ions located inside the cell, Na ions outside the cell

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13
Q

Atrophy

A

cell size shrinks due to no use

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14
Q

dystrophy

A

cell size shrink due to an auto immune reason

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15
Q

What causes Tay Sachs?

A

mutation on chromosome 15

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16
Q

Who is susceptible to Tay Sachs?

A

Jewish descent

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17
Q

What happens during Tay Sachs disease?

A

autosomal lysosome disease; absent enzyme that makes body eat itself; neuro degenerative disorder

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18
Q

when someone has a heart attack, pain in arm

A

Example of referred pain

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19
Q

pigmented skin rash in sun caused by what vitamin?

A

Niacin

20
Q

Simple Reflex Arc steps

A

Afferent neuron carries sensory impulses to enter dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
The afferent neuron connects with an interneuron in the substantia gelatinosa.
The interneuron connects to an efferent neuron that exits via the ventral horn and enacts motor activity.

21
Q

The simple reflex arc is protective, what does this mean?

A

Allows for immediate action by the body without requiring time for interpretation by the brain.

22
Q

Gate Control Theory 3 neuron chain

A

1: afferent neuron stimulated by pain in periphery, sending an impulse into the spinal cord.
2: interneuron that is influenced by descending nerve tracts from the brain or ascending nerve tracts from the spinal cord
3: neurons impulse projects upward into the brain

23
Q

complex regional pain syndrome

A

progressive disorder characterized by severe pain, edema, discoloration and changes in skin

24
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

people experience long term body wide pain; to be diagnosed have to have it for more than 3 months and have pain in 11-18 tender points

25
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

nerve disorder that causes a stabbing or electric shock-like pain in parts of the face

26
Q

Afferent neurons

A

sensory nerves that carry pain, temp, touch, proprioception, vibration, and pressure sensations into spinal cord

27
Q

Two types of Afferent neurons

A

A delta: large and myelinated; conduct impulses rapidly and cause first, short-lived acute
C delta: smaller and unmyelinated; slower and cause persistent dull pain

28
Q

visceral pain

A

pain from deep organs, can be vague, pressure like squeezing

29
Q

somatic pain

A

originates from ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels and nerves; dull, poorly localized pain of longer duration

30
Q

Dehydration

A

body cells shrink

31
Q

The causes of fluid Volume Overload

A

heart failure, certain cancers secrete ADH

32
Q

What is albumin role in fluid balance

A

the protein attracts water, if not enough it can cause edema; low albumin= edema

33
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

its metabolic acidosis so experience kushmols breathing to compensate; caused by an increased potassium

34
Q

Foods high in potassium

A

dreid fruits, spinach, meat, bananas

35
Q

Salt substitutes are high in ____________

A

potassium

36
Q

What med doesn’t go with potassium?

A

Degoxen

37
Q

Causes of hypomagnesium

A

burns, frequent urination, laxative abuse

38
Q

What are you at risk for when you are constantly vomiting?

A

Metabolic alkalosis

39
Q

Increased calcium causes_______ phosphorus?

A

decreased

40
Q

Increased calcium causes __________ magnesium?

A

Increased

41
Q

Where are Cilia located and what do they do?

A

In respiratory tract, push debris out= why smokers have poor breathing

42
Q

How to best asses daily input/output?

A

daily weight

43
Q

Hypoventilation causes what?

A

respiratory acidosis; ex: drug overdose

44
Q

Renal failure causes what?

A

metabolic acidosis

45
Q

Tetracycoline does what?

A

breaks down ribosome, inhibits protein synthesis

46
Q

Not getting enough O2 causes

A

lactic acid buildup= pain in muscles

47
Q

how to treat hyperventilation

A

breathing into a bag to rebreath CO2

Patho (8 decks)

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