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Patho > Chapter 6: Pain > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Pain Flashcards

1
Q

nociceptors

A

afferent pain nerve fibers that respond to noxious stimuli

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2
Q

substantia gelatinosa (sg)

A

center of spinal cord, H shaped region

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3
Q

Where do spinal nerve enter?

A

posterior region of sg called, dorsal horn

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4
Q

Afferent neurons

A

sensory nerves that carry pain, temp, touch, proprioception, vibration and pressure sensations to spinal cord

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5
Q

Efferent neurons

A

motor neurons that exit the spinal cord through the ventral horn and extend to muscles of the body

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6
Q

a delta fibers

A

large in diameter, and myelinated; conduct impulses rapidly and cause first, short-lived acute

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7
Q

c-delta fibers

A

smaller in diameter and unmyelinated; conduct impulses slowly and cause longer persistent dull pain

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8
Q

Simple reflex arc

A

afferent neurons carry sensory impulses into the dorsal horn; protective: immediate action without time or interpretation from brain

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9
Q

nociception

A

response of nervous system to painful stimuli

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10
Q

neurotransmitters

A

excitator or inhibitory chemical mediators that are released from 1 neuron to stim another

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11
Q

Acetylcholine and norepinehrine are what type of neurotransmitters?

A

excitatory neurotransmitters

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12
Q

Dopamine, serotonin and GABA are what type of neurotransmitters?

A

Inhibitory

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13
Q

Endogenous Opioids

A

natural analgesic neurochemicals that inhibit pain sensation

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14
Q

examples of endogenous opioids

A

endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins

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15
Q

Prostaglandins

A

enhances inflammation, pain and edema

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16
Q

interleukin

A

enhances inflammation, pain, edema

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17
Q

tumor necrosis factor

A

enhances inflammation, edema, and bronchospasm

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18
Q

Bradykinins

A

enhances inflammation

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19
Q

Glutamate

A

Amplifies pain signal

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20
Q

Substance P

A

Amplifies pain signal

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21
Q

Enkephalins, endorphins

A

natural opioid

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22
Q

Acetylcholine

A

inhibitory action on pain in spinal cord

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23
Q

Gamma-aminobutryic acid

A

inhibitory action on pain in spinal cord and brain

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24
Q

Norepinephrine

A

inhibitory action on pain in spinal cord

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25
Q

Dopamine

A

inhibitory action on pain in spinal cord and brain

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26
Q

Serotonin

A

convey anagelsic signals from PAG area to NRM of the brain

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27
Q

dermatome

A

skin area innervated by sensory fibers of a single nerve root

28
Q

myotome

A

group of muscles primarily innervated by the motor fibers of a single nerve root

29
Q

Gate control theory 2 major points

A

1:Pain is not necessarily proportional to amount of tissue injury; 2: Sensation travels both to and from the brain

30
Q

Gate control theory 4 processes

A

transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception

31
Q

transduction

A

initial converting painful stimuli into neuronal impulses

32
Q

transmission

A

travel of impulse along axon

33
Q

modulation

A

influence on afferent neuron by other neurons in the spinal cords

34
Q

Perception

A

conscious awareness of the experience of pain

35
Q

Neuromatrix Theory

A

Pain is multidimensional experience; explains phantom limb pain

36
Q

Acute pain

A

new onest of tissue injury or inflammation; sudden, lasts hours to days and resovles with healing of the disorder

37
Q

chronic

A

persists beyond expected time; greater than 3 months

38
Q

neuropathic pain

A

caused by injury or malfunction of the spinal cord and/or peripheral nerves; burning, tingling, shooting, stinging, or pins and needles

39
Q

paresthesia

A

pins and needles sensation

40
Q

cutaneous pain

A

injury to skin or superficial tissue; well defined, localized pain of short duration

41
Q

deep somatic pain

A

originated from ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels and nerves; poorly localized pain of longer duration

42
Q

myofascial pain

A

tender points in muscles, tendons and fascia

43
Q

Visceral pain

A

pain from deep organs, vague, pressure-like squeezing

44
Q

referred pain

A

pain response occurs at a distance from the actual spot

45
Q

phantom limb pain

A

sensation of pain originating in amputated part

46
Q

OLDCART

A

onset, location, duration, characteristics, aggravating factors, relieving factors, treatment

47
Q

Ladder of pain treatment

A

1: non opioids 2: weak opioids 3: strong opioids, 4: physiotherapy, OT

48
Q

Schedule of opioids

A

I; greatest risk for abuse; as you increase number, decreases potential for abuse

49
Q

Cancer pain

A

can be dull, aching or sharp; tumors apply pressure; cancer cells secret enzymes and inflammatory to irritate tissues; tumors secret a vasodilator= decreases circulation

50
Q

spinal nerve radiculopathy

A

aka radiculitis, spinal nerve impingement

51
Q

diabetic peripheral neuropathy

A

affects sensory and motor nerves in extremities

52
Q

post-herpetic neuralgia

A

pruitic, vesicular rash that often starts on trunk and spreads out to the extremities

53
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

nerve disorder that causes a stabbing or electric shock

54
Q

fibromyalgia

A

long-term, body wide pain, linked to fatigue; pain in tender points; Diagnosis: at least 3 months of pain, 11 of 18 tender points

55
Q

Spinothalmic tract

A

primary ascending tract for pain signals from spinal cord to the brain

56
Q

corticospinal tract

A

outgoing signals from the brain travel on descending tract

57
Q

sensitization

A

decrease pain inhibitory signals, exaggerates excitment of pain nerve fibers

58
Q

open gate

A

interneuron allows transmission of pain to ascend spinal cord-brain

59
Q

closed gate

A

interneuorn does NOT allow transmission of neural stimulus from pain fibers in periphery

60
Q

TENS unit, hot and cold packs and rubbing cause what?

A

help blocks pain

61
Q

The somatosensory system consists of 3 types of sensory neurons. The special somatic type of afferent sensory neurons has receptors that sense?

A

Muscle position

62
Q

A women has cut her finger while dicing onions in the kitchen, drops knife in pain. Which components of this pain signal was transmitted by 3rd order neuron?

A

Between thalamus and cortex

63
Q

1st order neuron

A

info to periphery to CNS(sensory info)

64
Q

2nd order neuron

A

various reflex, spinal cord pathways to thalamus

65
Q

3rd order neuron

A

relay info from thalamus to cerebral cortex

66
Q

Nociceptors are sensory receptors that are activated by?

A

noxious stimuli

67
Q

When a person is stung on index finger, the thalamus interprets the pain as?

A

somewhere on the hand

Patho (8 decks)

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