Review Session- IMSK Midterm Flashcards
define healthy skin microbiome (4)
- Collection of microbes that naturally live on our bodies.
- It is in a constant state of ‘flux’
- Its composition varies depending on species & between individuals of the same species & body site in the same individual.
- It is influenced by very many factors (age, sex, diet, hygiene, lifestyle)
describe the components of the external ear
- Pinna, ventral and horizontal canals, lead to
- Tympanum: ear drum, 3 parts
a. Pars tensa: translucent, tight membrane; if need to poke a hole in ear drum this is where you’re allowed to do it
b. Pars flaccid: not translucent, floppy
c. Manubrium of malleus: part of inner ear bones peaking through/out of ear drum; DO NOT HIT = impact hearing
describe the 2 components of the middle ear
- Tympanic bulla: bony, hollow, holds tympanic cavity; divided by bony septa in felines
- Tympanic cavity
describe the components of the inner ear
- Vestibular organ: semi-circular ducts; fluid filled balancing organ
- Cochlea: hearing organ
- Embedded in bones
a. Stapes: most internal
b. Incus: middle
c. Malleus: against external acoustic membrane
describe the telogen phase of the hair follicle cycle (3)
- Resting Phase
- Small dermal papilla
- No Mitotic Activity
what fibers give what kind of strength to the dermis? (2)
- Collagen fibers: resist pull/tensile forces
- Polymers (proteoglycans. Hyaluronic acid): resist push/compression forces
describe dermal mucinosis
a genetic defect where fibroblasts make too much hyaluronic acid (a polymer), resulting in squishy skin with bubbles that, when you poke them, clear glue-like substance comes out
where are melanocytes found? what is their function and exocrine mode of secretion?
found mainly in stratum basale; possess long dendrites/cytoplasmic extensions that transfer melanosomes (eumalanin or pheomelanin) to keratinocytes via cytocrine secretion for pigmentation and UV light protection
what is the result in a decrease in fatty acids of the diet on the skin? what kind of impact to the skin is this?
internal impact to skin; results in epidermal lipid deficiency/disturbance, leading to scaling and poor barrier function
what are the 3 borders of the carpal canal?
Cranially: palmar carpal ligament and carpal bones
palmar: flexor retinaculum
laterally: accessory carpal bone
what nerves are blocked in PD nerve block?
medial and lateral palmar digital nerves as enter lateral cartilage
give 6 specific areas that are desensitized always in a palmar-dorsal block; also just know general area
P3 and associated structures
1. navicular bone
2. heel
3. sole
4. frog
5. dorsal branches of suspensory ligament
6. deep digital flexor distal attachment
how are oblique radiographs named/abbreviated? what does DLPMO mean? what does DMPLO?
Pair the letters on the edge and pair the letters in the middle;
DLPMO: accessory carpal bone is lateral; dorsal and medial together on one side and lateral palmar together on other side (and “deeper/father back” in image)
DMPLO: sesamooid bone is medial; dorsal and lateral together on one side; medial and palmar together on the other side (and “deeper/farther back” in image)
how do cat bones compare to other species? (6)
- straighter long bones
- acromion is mega acromion; has hamate and suprahamate processes
- have a supracondylar foramen: brachial artery and median nerve pass through
- have well-developed clavicles
- do NOT have a supratrochlear foramen or a nuchal ligament
- well-developed coronoid processes
what is the main supply of blood to the distal limb in dogs, bovine, equine, and cats?
dogs: median artery
bovine and equine: median palmar artery
cats: radial artery!
what are the boundaries of the jugular furrow in equines? what about dogs and bovines?
dorsal: brachiocephalicus
ventral: sternocephalicus
medial: omohyoideus
dogs and bovines same dorsal and ventral but DO NOT have a medial border
what is the most common unpaired vein used in clinics?
the cephalic vein
what are the 3 unpaired veins in canines? describe their paths
- cephalic: dorsal arm to join external jugular; is accessory cephalic when on dorsal forearm;
- omobrachial: runs more proximal than axillobrachial from the external jugular, dives deep (transverses shoulder) to axillobrachial as runs dorsally along humerus to join with cephalic
- axillobrachial: from distal external jugular, is more superficial/lateral than omobrachial before joining with cephalic
a complete fracture of the olecranon process of the ulna will result in loss of function of what muscle and what subsequent clinical sign?
loss of triceps function; non-weight bearing lameness
If a dog has no feeling in the skin on the lateral aspect of digit 5, which nerve is not functioning?
ulnar nerve
If the axillary nerve is lost, which of these muscles can help flex the shoulder?
triceps; innervated by radial nerve
Suppose a young dog rapidly starts running and pulls the olecranon tuber away from the body of the ulna, which muscle would be responsible for this event?
triceps brachii
The medial coronoid process is a feature of which thoracic limb bone?
ulna
The long head of the triceps brachi is the only portion of the triceps that arises from the caudal border of the scapula, true or false?
true
describe the transverse plane
cuts across head, body, limb at a right angle to its long axis, or across the long axis of an organ or a part; cuts into proximal and distal views
describe the sagittal plane
passes through head, limb, body parallel to median plane; cuts into medial and lateral views; same orientation as medial but not equal left and right halves like medial
describe dorsal plane
splits into cranial and caudal or dorsal and palmar parts
if the radial nerve is cut before it enters the triceps medially, what will occur in an animal?
non-weight bearing lameness
if the radial nerve is cut after it exits the lateral head of the triceps, what is observed in an animal?
knuckling
list the (9) extrinsic muscles
- cutaneous trunci
- latissimus dorsi
- serratus ventralis
- trapezius
- rhomboideus
- brachiocephalicus
- superficial and deep pectorals (subvlavius in equine only)
- sternocephalicus
- omotransversarius
what prevents dorsal rotation of the coffin bone?
the deep digital flexor tendon providing opposing force to the laminae that attach the coffin bone to the hoof wall
why does the coffin bone/P3 distally rotate during laminitis?
when the laminae is infected and fails, there is no force opposing that of the deep digital flexor tendon, so the third phalanx rotates distally
what is the suspensory ligament also called? what is clinically relevant about this ligament?
also called interosseus ligament; is the most common site of ligament damage in equines
where is the extensor branch of the suspensory ligament located in equines? what does it join with?
located on dorsal fetlock; joins with common digital extensor
what is the area where the superficial digital flexor forms a sleeve around the deep digital flexor called? what is clinically relevant about that?
manica flexorum; is injured a lot
what are the 6 components of the stay apparatus in equines?
- biceps brachii: spans 2 joints
- triceps brachii: spans 2 joints
- extensor carpi radialis: spans 2 joints
- superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and their
- proximal and distal check ligaments
- the suspensory/interosseus ligament
all of this is dorsal and palmar structures working together to prevent buckling
what is the only structure in the stay apparatus with a palmar origin and insertion AND a dorsal origin and insertion? what is the importance?
the suspensory ligament; connects palmar and dorsal aspects of the stay apparatus to allow leg to lock in place
what nerve and muscle involved in the panniculus reflex?
cutaneous trunci; innervated by lateral thoracic nerve
if EITHER the biceps brachii OR the brachialis lose function, can the elbow still flex?
yes, so long as one of these 2 muscles remains, elbow can still flex
what 2 muscles insert into the accessory carpal bone/would be affect by a fracture of this bone? give innervation and function
ulnaris lateralis: radial nerve, FLEX carpals; abduct manus
flexor carpi ulnaris: ulnar nerve: flex carpals
so if fracture accessory carpal, would have reduced ability to flex carpus
if you were to surgically repair a humeral fracture in a dog, would you approach medially or laterally? why?
approach laterally, because too many important nerves are medial to the humerus
what muscles would you have to cut/transect if fixing a humeral fracture in a dog with a lateral approach?
brachialis, lateral and medial head of triceps, deltoideus, possibly anconeus and biceps brachii?
what are the 2 parts of the brachiocephalicus? describe
- cleidobrachialis: clavicular intersection down
- cleidocephalicus: clavicular intersection to neck
what is the function of the brachiocephalicus? innervation? what if damaged?
accessory nerve; advances forelimb; if nerve or muscle damaged, walking will be difficult/impaired
if two muscles have the same or similar distal attachments and one of those muscles is lost at the distal attachment, are both muscles lost?
not always go together; very much depends (AKA if lose distal attachment of biceps brachii, as long as brachialis still attached, can flex elbow)
what is the major weight bearing muscle in the animal?
triceps brachii
give location and action of the bicipital bursa in equines, plus what could happen if this bursa is inflamed or injured
between tuberosities on humerusish; so helps lubricate and allow shoulder flexion and extension, which may be painful or limited if this bursa is inflamed or injured (aka elbow lameness possible)
give location and action of infraspinus bursa, plus what could happen if this bursa is inflamed or injured
located between infraspinatus tendon and and greater tubercle; helps lubricate and allow shoulder flexion and extension, so those actions could be painful or limited if damaged (aka shoulder lameness possible)
Where are the superficial cervical and axillary lymph nodes located?
Superficial cervical: under omotransversarius
Axillary: axillary region
What/where is the white line?
Separation between sole and horn; can stick a nail in
Be able to describe elbow displaysia/UAP/incomplete ossification of a humeral condyle; olecranon process separation or fracture
Elbow displaysia is an umbrella term, many causes
ununited anconceal process: level of weight bearing is dependent on severity but should still have weight bearing in most cases
incomplete ossification of a humeral condyle: lame, but should still bear weight, will look spongy on virtual skills
if olecranon process is fractured, no weight bearing bc triceps
