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IMSK > Review Session- IMSK Midterm > Flashcards

Review Session- IMSK Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

define healthy skin microbiome (4)

A
  1. Collection of microbes that naturally live on our bodies.
  2. It is in a constant state of ‘flux’
  3. Its composition varies depending on species & between individuals of the same species & body site in the same individual.
  4. It is influenced by very many factors (age, sex, diet, hygiene, lifestyle)
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2
Q

describe the components of the external ear

A
  1. Pinna, ventral and horizontal canals, lead to
  2. Tympanum: ear drum, 3 parts
    a. Pars tensa: translucent, tight membrane; if need to poke a hole in ear drum this is where you’re allowed to do it
    b. Pars flaccid: not translucent, floppy
    c. Manubrium of malleus: part of inner ear bones peaking through/out of ear drum; DO NOT HIT = impact hearing
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3
Q

describe the 2 components of the middle ear

A
  1. Tympanic bulla: bony, hollow, holds tympanic cavity; divided by bony septa in felines
  2. Tympanic cavity
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4
Q

describe the components of the inner ear

A
  1. Vestibular organ: semi-circular ducts; fluid filled balancing organ
  2. Cochlea: hearing organ
  3. Embedded in bones
    a. Stapes: most internal
    b. Incus: middle
    c. Malleus: against external acoustic membrane
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5
Q

describe the telogen phase of the hair follicle cycle (3)

A
  1. Resting Phase
  2. Small dermal papilla
  3. No Mitotic Activity
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6
Q

what fibers give what kind of strength to the dermis? (2)

A
  1. Collagen fibers: resist pull/tensile forces
  2. Polymers (proteoglycans. Hyaluronic acid): resist push/compression forces
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7
Q

describe dermal mucinosis

A

a genetic defect where fibroblasts make too much hyaluronic acid (a polymer), resulting in squishy skin with bubbles that, when you poke them, clear glue-like substance comes out

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8
Q

where are melanocytes found? what is their function and exocrine mode of secretion?

A

found mainly in stratum basale; possess long dendrites/cytoplasmic extensions that transfer melanosomes (eumalanin or pheomelanin) to keratinocytes via cytocrine secretion for pigmentation and UV light protection

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9
Q

what is the result in a decrease in fatty acids of the diet on the skin? what kind of impact to the skin is this?

A

internal impact to skin; results in epidermal lipid deficiency/disturbance, leading to scaling and poor barrier function

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10
Q

what are the 3 borders of the carpal canal?

A

Cranially: palmar carpal ligament and carpal bones
palmar: flexor retinaculum
laterally: accessory carpal bone

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11
Q

what nerves are blocked in PD nerve block?

A

medial and lateral palmar digital nerves as enter lateral cartilage

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12
Q

give 6 specific areas that are desensitized always in a palmar-dorsal block; also just know general area

A

P3 and associated structures
1. navicular bone
2. heel
3. sole
4. frog
5. dorsal branches of suspensory ligament
6. deep digital flexor distal attachment

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13
Q

how are oblique radiographs named/abbreviated? what does DLPMO mean? what does DMPLO?

A

Pair the letters on the edge and pair the letters in the middle;
DLPMO: accessory carpal bone is lateral; dorsal and medial together on one side and lateral palmar together on other side (and “deeper/father back” in image)
DMPLO: sesamooid bone is medial; dorsal and lateral together on one side; medial and palmar together on the other side (and “deeper/farther back” in image)

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14
Q

how do cat bones compare to other species? (6)

A
  1. straighter long bones
  2. acromion is mega acromion; has hamate and suprahamate processes
  3. have a supracondylar foramen: brachial artery and median nerve pass through
  4. have well-developed clavicles
  5. do NOT have a supratrochlear foramen or a nuchal ligament
  6. well-developed coronoid processes
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15
Q

what is the main supply of blood to the distal limb in dogs, bovine, equine, and cats?

A

dogs: median artery
bovine and equine: median palmar artery
cats: radial artery!

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16
Q

what are the boundaries of the jugular furrow in equines? what about dogs and bovines?

A

dorsal: brachiocephalicus
ventral: sternocephalicus
medial: omohyoideus
dogs and bovines same dorsal and ventral but DO NOT have a medial border

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17
Q

what is the most common unpaired vein used in clinics?

A

the cephalic vein

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18
Q

what are the 3 unpaired veins in canines? describe their paths

A
  1. cephalic: dorsal arm to join external jugular; is accessory cephalic when on dorsal forearm;
  2. omobrachial: runs more proximal than axillobrachial from the external jugular, dives deep (transverses shoulder) to axillobrachial as runs dorsally along humerus to join with cephalic
  3. axillobrachial: from distal external jugular, is more superficial/lateral than omobrachial before joining with cephalic
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19
Q

a complete fracture of the olecranon process of the ulna will result in loss of function of what muscle and what subsequent clinical sign?

A

loss of triceps function; non-weight bearing lameness

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20
Q

If a dog has no feeling in the skin on the lateral aspect of digit 5, which nerve is not functioning?

A

ulnar nerve

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21
Q

If the axillary nerve is lost, which of these muscles can help flex the shoulder?

A

triceps; innervated by radial nerve

22
Q

Suppose a young dog rapidly starts running and pulls the olecranon tuber away from the body of the ulna, which muscle would be responsible for this event?

A

triceps brachii

23
Q

The medial coronoid process is a feature of which thoracic limb bone?

A

ulna

24
Q

The long head of the triceps brachi is the only portion of the triceps that arises from the caudal border of the scapula, true or false?

A

true

25
Q

describe the transverse plane

A

cuts across head, body, limb at a right angle to its long axis, or across the long axis of an organ or a part; cuts into proximal and distal views

26
Q

describe the sagittal plane

A

passes through head, limb, body parallel to median plane; cuts into medial and lateral views; same orientation as medial but not equal left and right halves like medial

27
Q

describe dorsal plane

A

splits into cranial and caudal or dorsal and palmar parts

28
Q

if the radial nerve is cut before it enters the triceps medially, what will occur in an animal?

A

non-weight bearing lameness

29
Q

if the radial nerve is cut after it exits the lateral head of the triceps, what is observed in an animal?

A

knuckling

30
Q

list the (9) extrinsic muscles

A
  1. cutaneous trunci
  2. latissimus dorsi
  3. serratus ventralis
  4. trapezius
  5. rhomboideus
  6. brachiocephalicus
  7. superficial and deep pectorals (subvlavius in equine only)
  8. sternocephalicus
  9. omotransversarius
31
Q

what prevents dorsal rotation of the coffin bone?

A

the deep digital flexor tendon providing opposing force to the laminae that attach the coffin bone to the hoof wall

32
Q

why does the coffin bone/P3 distally rotate during laminitis?

A

when the laminae is infected and fails, there is no force opposing that of the deep digital flexor tendon, so the third phalanx rotates distally

33
Q

what is the suspensory ligament also called? what is clinically relevant about this ligament?

A

also called interosseus ligament; is the most common site of ligament damage in equines

34
Q

where is the extensor branch of the suspensory ligament located in equines? what does it join with?

A

located on dorsal fetlock; joins with common digital extensor

35
Q

what is the area where the superficial digital flexor forms a sleeve around the deep digital flexor called? what is clinically relevant about that?

A

manica flexorum; is injured a lot

36
Q

what are the 6 components of the stay apparatus in equines?

A
  1. biceps brachii: spans 2 joints
  2. triceps brachii: spans 2 joints
  3. extensor carpi radialis: spans 2 joints
  4. superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and their
  5. proximal and distal check ligaments
  6. the suspensory/interosseus ligament
    all of this is dorsal and palmar structures working together to prevent buckling
37
Q

what is the only structure in the stay apparatus with a palmar origin and insertion AND a dorsal origin and insertion? what is the importance?

A

the suspensory ligament; connects palmar and dorsal aspects of the stay apparatus to allow leg to lock in place

38
Q

what nerve and muscle involved in the panniculus reflex?

A

cutaneous trunci; innervated by lateral thoracic nerve

39
Q

if EITHER the biceps brachii OR the brachialis lose function, can the elbow still flex?

A

yes, so long as one of these 2 muscles remains, elbow can still flex

40
Q

what 2 muscles insert into the accessory carpal bone/would be affect by a fracture of this bone? give innervation and function

A

ulnaris lateralis: radial nerve, FLEX carpals; abduct manus
flexor carpi ulnaris: ulnar nerve: flex carpals
so if fracture accessory carpal, would have reduced ability to flex carpus

41
Q

if you were to surgically repair a humeral fracture in a dog, would you approach medially or laterally? why?

A

approach laterally, because too many important nerves are medial to the humerus

42
Q

what muscles would you have to cut/transect if fixing a humeral fracture in a dog with a lateral approach?

A

brachialis, lateral and medial head of triceps, deltoideus, possibly anconeus and biceps brachii?

43
Q

what are the 2 parts of the brachiocephalicus? describe

A
  1. cleidobrachialis: clavicular intersection down
  2. cleidocephalicus: clavicular intersection to neck
44
Q

what is the function of the brachiocephalicus? innervation? what if damaged?

A

accessory nerve; advances forelimb; if nerve or muscle damaged, walking will be difficult/impaired

45
Q

if two muscles have the same or similar distal attachments and one of those muscles is lost at the distal attachment, are both muscles lost?

A

not always go together; very much depends (AKA if lose distal attachment of biceps brachii, as long as brachialis still attached, can flex elbow)

46
Q

what is the major weight bearing muscle in the animal?

A

triceps brachii

47
Q

give location and action of the bicipital bursa in equines, plus what could happen if this bursa is inflamed or injured

A

between tuberosities on humerusish; so helps lubricate and allow shoulder flexion and extension, which may be painful or limited if this bursa is inflamed or injured (aka elbow lameness possible)

48
Q

give location and action of infraspinus bursa, plus what could happen if this bursa is inflamed or injured

A

located between infraspinatus tendon and and greater tubercle; helps lubricate and allow shoulder flexion and extension, so those actions could be painful or limited if damaged (aka shoulder lameness possible)

49
Q

Where are the superficial cervical and axillary lymph nodes located?

A

Superficial cervical: under omotransversarius
Axillary: axillary region

50
Q

What/where is the white line?

A

Separation between sole and horn; can stick a nail in

51
Q

Be able to describe elbow displaysia/UAP/incomplete ossification of a humeral condyle; olecranon process separation or fracture

A

Elbow displaysia is an umbrella term, many causes

ununited anconceal process: level of weight bearing is dependent on severity but should still have weight bearing in most cases

incomplete ossification of a humeral condyle: lame, but should still bear weight, will look spongy on virtual skills

if olecranon process is fractured, no weight bearing bc triceps

IMSK (17 decks)

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