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IMSK > Bones of Thoracic Limb- Comparative > Flashcards

Bones of Thoracic Limb- Comparative Flashcards

1
Q

what is a process?

A

general terms for prominence

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2
Q

what is a tuberosity? compare to tubercle

A

large, non-rounded articular projection; a tubercle is a smaller/baby tuberosity

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3
Q

what is a spine or spinous process?

A

pointed projection

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4
Q

what is a head?

A

a rounded articular enlargement at the end of a bone; may be joined to the shaft by a constricted part (neck)

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5
Q

what is a condyle?

A

an articular eminence that is somewhat cylindrical

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6
Q

what in an epicondyle?

A

a non-articular projection in connection with a condyle

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7
Q

what is a trochlea?

A

a pulley-like articular structure

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8
Q

which is deeper: glenoid cavity or acetabulum?

A

acetabulum

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9
Q

what is a foramen?

A

a perforation for transmission of vessels or nerves

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10
Q

what is the surface where a muscle contracts called?

A

flexor surface

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11
Q

what is the surface where a muscle extends?

A

extensor surface

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12
Q

what is it called when contraction of a muscle decreases the angle?

A

flexion

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13
Q

what is it called when contraction of a muscle increases the angle?

A

extension

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14
Q

what are 5 features of the scapula that are common to canines, equine, and bovines?

A
  1. scapular spine
  2. supraglenoid tubercle
  3. infraspinous fossa
  4. subscapular fossa
  5. serrated surface
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15
Q

do dogs have a dorsal scapular ligament? do horses and bovines?

A

dogs do not have dorsal scapula ligament; equines and bovines do

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16
Q

what is the dorsal scapular ligament, as seen in equine and bovine but not canine

A

cranial extension of the thoracolumbar fascia that attaches to the scapula and provides attachment for some of the extrinsic muscles

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17
Q

who has an acromion? who does not?

A

bovine and canine and feline have acromion; equine does not

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18
Q

since equines have no acromion, what enlarges that area for muscle attachment on the scapula?

A

scapular cartilage

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19
Q

who has a clavicle?

A

FELINE ONLY (not canine, bovine, or equine)

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20
Q

give 8 features of the humerus common to canine, equine, bovine

A
  1. head
  2. greater and lesser tubercle
  3. intertubercular groove
  4. deltoid tuberosity
  5. medial and lateral epicondyle
  6. radial fossa
  7. olecranon fossa
  8. supertrochlear foramen
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21
Q

how does the humerus of equines and bovine differ from canine?

A

equine: tubercles are divided into cranial and caudal parts and there is an intermediate tubercle
bovine: tubercles are divided into cranial and caudal parts; no intermediate tubercle

22
Q

give 3 features of the radius common to canine, equine, bovine

A
  1. head
  2. radial tuberosity
  3. medial styloid process
23
Q

give 6 features of the ulna common to canine, equine, bovine

A
  1. olecranon
  2. olecranon tuberosity (bovine, equine) or process (canine)
  3. anconeal process
  4. medial and lateral coronoid process
  5. trochlear notch
  6. lateral styloid process
24
Q

describe the equine radius and ulna (3)

A
  1. radius and ulna attached and PARTIALLY fused; interosseus space is very small
  2. radius possesses a lateral styloid process; also known as distal epiphysis of ulna
  3. the distal cranial end has a groove for the common digital extensor
25
Q

describe the radius and ulna of bovine (4)

A
  1. radius and ulna entirely fused and ulna extends entire length
  2. bears weight and articulates with carpal bones
26
Q

describe the canine carpal bones (4)

A
  1. 7 total and arranged in two rows
  2. proximal row: intermedioradial, ulnar, accessory
  3. distal row: C1-C4
  4. C4 is the largest and articulates with digit 4
27
Q

is the accessory carpal bone weight bearing in canines?

A

no

28
Q

describe equine carpal bones (3)

A
  1. 7 total and arranged in 2 rows
  2. proximal row: radial carpal, intermediate carpal, ulnar carpal, accessory carpal
  3. distal row: C2, C3, C4
29
Q

is the accessory carpal bone weight bearing in equines?

A

no

30
Q

is C1 present in equines?

A

only about 50%

31
Q

is C5 present in equines?

A

extremely rare

32
Q

describe bovine carpal bones (3)

A
  1. SIX total (not 7 like canine and equine); arranged in 2 rows
  2. proximal row is same as equine
  3. distal row: C2 and C3 fused, C4
33
Q

is C1 or C5 present in bovines?

A

never

34
Q

describe canine metacarpal bones

A

metacarpals 1-5, with 1 most medial and 5 lateral

35
Q

describe equine metacarpal bones (3)

A
  1. MC3=cannon bone
  2. proximodorsal of MC3 has metacarpal tuberosity
  3. MC2 and MC4 are present as splint bones; splint bones have buttons 3/4 of the way down the cannon
36
Q

describe bovine metacarpal bones (2)

A
  1. MC3 and MC4 are combined to form one cannon bone
  2. a rudimentary MC5 may be present
37
Q

describe the phalanges in all species

A
  1. proximal phalanx = P1
  2. middle phalanx = P2
  3. distal phalanx = P3
38
Q

what is P3 also known as in canines?

A

ungual crest

39
Q

what does P3 serve as in all species?

A

extensor process

40
Q

what does P3 serve as in equines?

A

flexor tubercle/surface (solar foramina and solar canal in equine)

41
Q

describe digit 1 in canines

A

only has proximal and distal phalanx (P1 and P3)

42
Q

how many digits do canines have?

A

5

43
Q

how many digits do equines have?

A

3rd digit only

44
Q

describe the digits of bovines (3)

A
  1. 3 and 4 form claws
  2. 2 and 5 are present in the form of dew claws
  3. no digit 1
45
Q

describe the sesamoids of canines (2)

A
  1. dorsal: 5 dorsal sesamoids (sesamoid 1 is in abductor digit 1 longus)
  2. palmar: two proximal sesamoids each in digits 2-5 (fetlock joint) and 1 proximal sesamoid in digit 1
46
Q

describe the equine sesamoids

A

palmar: two proximal sesamoids (fetlock joint) and distal sesamoid (coffin joint)

47
Q

describe bovine sesamoid digits

A

same as equine but times 2 because bovines have two digits (3 and 4)

48
Q

are there any major/collateral ligaments above the shoulder joint in equines?

A

no

49
Q

list the 6 joints of the equine, canine, and bovine forelimb from top to bottom

A
  1. shoulder
  2. elbow
  3. carpus (knee)
  4. metacarpophalangeal (fetlock)
  5. proximal interphalangeal (pastern)
  6. distal interphalangeal (coffin)
50
Q

describe the 2 fetlock joints of bovines

A

share a common joint capsule allowing infection of injected material to pass freely from one joint to the other; this is of significance when considering amputation of one claw

IMSK (17 decks)

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