Bones of Thoracic Limb- Comparative Flashcards
what is a process?
general terms for prominence
what is a tuberosity? compare to tubercle
large, non-rounded articular projection; a tubercle is a smaller/baby tuberosity
what is a spine or spinous process?
pointed projection
what is a head?
a rounded articular enlargement at the end of a bone; may be joined to the shaft by a constricted part (neck)
what is a condyle?
an articular eminence that is somewhat cylindrical
what in an epicondyle?
a non-articular projection in connection with a condyle
what is a trochlea?
a pulley-like articular structure
which is deeper: glenoid cavity or acetabulum?
acetabulum
what is a foramen?
a perforation for transmission of vessels or nerves
what is the surface where a muscle contracts called?
flexor surface
what is the surface where a muscle extends?
extensor surface
what is it called when contraction of a muscle decreases the angle?
flexion
what is it called when contraction of a muscle increases the angle?
extension
what are 5 features of the scapula that are common to canines, equine, and bovines?
- scapular spine
- supraglenoid tubercle
- infraspinous fossa
- subscapular fossa
- serrated surface
do dogs have a dorsal scapular ligament? do horses and bovines?
dogs do not have dorsal scapula ligament; equines and bovines do
what is the dorsal scapular ligament, as seen in equine and bovine but not canine
cranial extension of the thoracolumbar fascia that attaches to the scapula and provides attachment for some of the extrinsic muscles
who has an acromion? who does not?
bovine and canine and feline have acromion; equine does not
since equines have no acromion, what enlarges that area for muscle attachment on the scapula?
scapular cartilage
who has a clavicle?
FELINE ONLY (not canine, bovine, or equine)
give 8 features of the humerus common to canine, equine, bovine
- head
- greater and lesser tubercle
- intertubercular groove
- deltoid tuberosity
- medial and lateral epicondyle
- radial fossa
- olecranon fossa
- supertrochlear foramen
how does the humerus of equines and bovine differ from canine?
equine: tubercles are divided into cranial and caudal parts and there is an intermediate tubercle
bovine: tubercles are divided into cranial and caudal parts; no intermediate tubercle
give 3 features of the radius common to canine, equine, bovine
- head
- radial tuberosity
- medial styloid process
give 6 features of the ulna common to canine, equine, bovine
- olecranon
- olecranon tuberosity (bovine, equine) or process (canine)
- anconeal process
- medial and lateral coronoid process
- trochlear notch
- lateral styloid process
describe the equine radius and ulna (3)
- radius and ulna attached and PARTIALLY fused; interosseus space is very small
- radius possesses a lateral styloid process; also known as distal epiphysis of ulna
- the distal cranial end has a groove for the common digital extensor
describe the radius and ulna of bovine (4)
- radius and ulna entirely fused and ulna extends entire length
- bears weight and articulates with carpal bones
describe the canine carpal bones (4)
- 7 total and arranged in two rows
- proximal row: intermedioradial, ulnar, accessory
- distal row: C1-C4
- C4 is the largest and articulates with digit 4
is the accessory carpal bone weight bearing in canines?
no
describe equine carpal bones (3)
- 7 total and arranged in 2 rows
- proximal row: radial carpal, intermediate carpal, ulnar carpal, accessory carpal
- distal row: C2, C3, C4
is the accessory carpal bone weight bearing in equines?
no
is C1 present in equines?
only about 50%
is C5 present in equines?
extremely rare
describe bovine carpal bones (3)
- SIX total (not 7 like canine and equine); arranged in 2 rows
- proximal row is same as equine
- distal row: C2 and C3 fused, C4
is C1 or C5 present in bovines?
never
describe canine metacarpal bones
metacarpals 1-5, with 1 most medial and 5 lateral
describe equine metacarpal bones (3)
- MC3=cannon bone
- proximodorsal of MC3 has metacarpal tuberosity
- MC2 and MC4 are present as splint bones; splint bones have buttons 3/4 of the way down the cannon
describe bovine metacarpal bones (2)
- MC3 and MC4 are combined to form one cannon bone
- a rudimentary MC5 may be present
describe the phalanges in all species
- proximal phalanx = P1
- middle phalanx = P2
- distal phalanx = P3
what is P3 also known as in canines?
ungual crest
what does P3 serve as in all species?
extensor process
what does P3 serve as in equines?
flexor tubercle/surface (solar foramina and solar canal in equine)
describe digit 1 in canines
only has proximal and distal phalanx (P1 and P3)
how many digits do canines have?
5
how many digits do equines have?
3rd digit only
describe the digits of bovines (3)
- 3 and 4 form claws
- 2 and 5 are present in the form of dew claws
- no digit 1
describe the sesamoids of canines (2)
- dorsal: 5 dorsal sesamoids (sesamoid 1 is in abductor digit 1 longus)
- palmar: two proximal sesamoids each in digits 2-5 (fetlock joint) and 1 proximal sesamoid in digit 1
describe the equine sesamoids
palmar: two proximal sesamoids (fetlock joint) and distal sesamoid (coffin joint)
describe bovine sesamoid digits
same as equine but times 2 because bovines have two digits (3 and 4)
are there any major/collateral ligaments above the shoulder joint in equines?
no
list the 6 joints of the equine, canine, and bovine forelimb from top to bottom
- shoulder
- elbow
- carpus (knee)
- metacarpophalangeal (fetlock)
- proximal interphalangeal (pastern)
- distal interphalangeal (coffin)
describe the 2 fetlock joints of bovines
share a common joint capsule allowing infection of injected material to pass freely from one joint to the other; this is of significance when considering amputation of one claw