Hindlimb Muscles Flashcards
what are the 4 muscles of the lateral rump?
- tensor fascia latae
- middle gluteal
- deep gluteal
- superficial gluteal
do bovines have a superficial gluteal?
nope
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the tensor fascia latae
origin: tuber coxae
insertion: lateral femoral fascia (proximal tibial end through fascia in equines)
innervation: cranial gluteal nerve
action: flex the hip and extend the stifle
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the middle gluteal
origin: gluteal surface and crest of the ilium (tuber coxae in equine)
insertion: greater trochanter of femur
innervation: cranial gluteal nerve
action: flex the hip, extend the stifle, (extend and abduct the hip joint in dogs)
(flex hip and abduct limb in equines)
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the deep gluteal
origin: body of ilium and ischiatic spine
insertion: greater trochanter of femur
innervation: cranial gluteal nerve
action: extend the hip (abduct thigh in equine and bovine)
give common origin of middle and deep gluteal
from the gluteal surface/ischiatic spine
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the superficial gluteal
origin: sacrum/dorsal iliac spine (tuber coxae in equines)
insertion: third trochanter of femur via sacrotuberous ligament and deep gluteal fascia respectively
innervation: caudal gluteal nerve
action: extend hip and abduct the limb
what are the action of the middle, deep, and superficial gluteals in dogs?
extend and abduct the hip joint
what are the 4 muscles of the caudal rump?
internal obturator, gemelli, quadratus femoris, and external obturator
give innervation, and action of the internal obturator; do cows have? how many heads in a horse?
innervation: sciatic
action: rotate limb laterally at hip;
cows do not have, but equines have two heads of this muscle
give the innervation, and action of the external obturator
innervation: obturator nerve
action: rotate limb laterally at the hip
what are the 3 muscles of the caudal thigh? plus a 4th just in bovines
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
cows have gluteobiceps! (superficial gluteus + biceps fused)
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the biceps femoris and name the two heads
origin: ischiatic tuberosity (equine vertebral head from sacral ligament and gluteal fascia)
insertion: patella, patellar ligament and around tibial tuberosity, TUBER CALCANEI (equine cranial head part inserts onto third trochanter)
innervation: sciatic nerve
action: extend hip and stifle (may also flex stifle depending on position); has vertebral and pelvic heads and 3 insertions in equines
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the gluteobiceps in cattle
origin: sacral ligaments and gluteal fascia
insertion: patellar ligament, calcaneal tendon
innervation: sciatic nerve
action: extends the hip, extend and flex the stifle, extend the hock
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the semitendinosus
origin: ischiatic tuberosity
insertion: TUBER CALCANEI
innervation: sciatic nerve
action: extends the hip and hock; flexes stifle (may extend stifle in large animals)
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the semimembranosus
origin: ischiatic tuberosity in canine and cattle, sacral ligaments and gluteal fascia in equines
insertion: medial epicondyle of femur and medial condyle of tibia
innervation: sciatic nerve
action: extends the hip; adduct limb of equines and bovines; extends or flexes the stifle depending on limb position of canine
what are the 2 heads of the semimembranosus in equines?
vertebral and pelvic
what are the 4 muscles of the medial thigh?
- sartorius
- gracilis
- pectinius
- adductor
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the sartorius; compare and contrast canine versus equine
in dogs has 2 parts (cranial and caudal), is undivided in equines
origin:
dogs: tuber coxae
equines: iliac fascia and psoas minor tendon bovines: iliac fascia, psoas minor tendon, and ilium
insertion: patella and tibia
innervation: femoral nerve
action: flex hip; in dogs the cranial part extends the stifle and the caudal path flexes the stifle
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the gracilis
origin: pelvic symphysis (also from prepubic tendon and symphyseal tendon in horse and bovine)
insertion: tibia and tuber calcanei
innervation: obturator nerve
action: extends hip and hock; adducts the limb/thigh
give the innervation, and action of the pectineus
innervation: obturator nerve
action: adduct limb/thigh (in large animals can also flex the hip)
give the innervation, and action of the adductor; give the 2 parts
the two parts are: adductor magnus and brevis, and adductor longis
innervation: obturator nerve
action: adduct limb/thigh (in large animals can also extend the hip to a minor extent)
give the 2 muscles of the cranial thigh
- quadriceps femoris (includes rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius)
- iliopsoas: psoas major + iliacus
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris
origin: ilium
insertion: tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament (over patella in large animals for all heads)
innervation: femoral nerve
action: extend stifle, flex the hip
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris
origin: femur
insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament
innervation: femoral nerve
action: extend the stifle
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the vastus lateralis of the quadriceps femoris
origin: femur
insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament
innervation: femoral nerve
action: extend the stifle
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the vastus intermedius of the quadriceps
origin: femur
insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament
innervation: femoral nerve
action: extend the stifle
what is the most important muscle of the hindlimb?
quadriceps femoris
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the iliopsoas
origin: lumbar vertebrae and cranioventral ilium
insertion: lesser trochanter
innervation: femoral nerve
action: major hip flexor
give the 6 muscles of the craniolateral leg and say what animals have them
- cranial tibial- all
- peroneus tertius- equines and bovines
- long digital extensor- all
- peroneus longus- dogs and bovine
- lateral digital extensor- all
- short digital extensor- equine and bovine
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the cranial tibial muscle
origin: tibia
insertion: metatarsal (tarsus in equines)
innervation: peroneal nerve
action:
dogs: flex tarsus and rotate paw medially
equine and bovine: flex hock
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the peroneus tertius (found only in equines and bovines)
origin: femur (extensor fossa)
insertion: MT3+4 in bovines and MT3 and third tarsal in equines
innervation: peroneal nerve
action:
equines: entirely tendinous and a constituent of the reciprocal apparatus in equines
bovines: muscular and flexes the hock!
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the long digital extensor
origin: distal femur
insertion: distal phalanges (P3) in dogs and bovine, P1, P2, and P3 in the horse
innervation: peroneal nerve
action: flexes the tarsus/hock and extends the digits
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the peroneus longus (found only in dogs and bovines)
origin: lateral condyle of tibiA
insertion: metatarsal in all plus tarsal bone in bovine
innervation: peroneal nerve
action: flex tarsus/hock; lateral rotation of dog paw
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the lateral digital extensor
origin: tibia and fibula, lateral collateral ligament of stifle
insertion: joins the long digital extensor tendon; inserts on the middle and distal phalanx of D4 in bovines
innervation: peroneal nerve
action: assist long digital extensor
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the short digital extensor (only in equines and bovines)
origin: peroneus tertius tendon plus talus in bovine
insertion: tendons of long and lateral digital extensors
innervation: peroneal nerve
action: assist in extension of digital joint extensions
what are the 4 muscle of the caudal leg?
- gastrocnemius
- superficial digital flexor
- deep digital flexor
- popliteus
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the gastrocnemius
origin: supracondylar tuberosities
insertion: tuber calcanei
innervation: tibial nerve
action: extend tarsus/hock and flex stifle
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the superficial digital flexor
origin: supracondylar tuberosity in dogs and supracondylar fossa in equines and bovines
insertion: tuber calcanei and P2 in dogs, P1 and P2 in equines, P2 in bovines (like the forelimb)
innervation: tibial nerve
action: extend tarsus/hock and flex digits
give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the popliteus
origin: lateral condyle of the femur
insertion: tibia
innervation: tibial nerve
action: flex stifle and in dogs rotates leg medially
what 5 muscles contribute to common calcanean tendons?
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- superficial digital flexor
- gracilis
- gastrocnemius
what does complete rupture of the calcanean tendon result in?
inability to bear weight on the pelvic limb and animal having a typical plantigrade stance
what are the 4 major extensors of the hip?
- the gluteal muscles
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
does quadratus femoris have any action on the hip? is it major or minor?
quadratus femoris minorly extends the hip, but not significantly so if all the other extensors are gone the quadratus femoris cannot extend the hip alone
what are the 2 major flexors of the hip? plus give a third minor flexor
- iliopsoas
- quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris specifically)
- minorly tensor fascia latae
can you flex the hip if the iliopsoas and quadriceps (rectus femoris) are disabled?
only like 10% thanks to slight contribution from tensor fascia latae
