Hindlimb Muscles

Question 1

what are the 4 muscles of the lateral rump?

Answer 1

1. tensor fascia latae
2. middle gluteal
3. deep gluteal
4. superficial gluteal

Question 2

do bovines have a superficial gluteal?

Answer 2

nope

Question 3

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the tensor fascia latae

Answer 3

origin: tuber coxae
insertion: lateral femoral fascia (proximal tibial end through fascia in equines)
innervation: cranial gluteal nerve
action: flex the hip and extend the stifle

Question 4

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the middle gluteal

Answer 4

origin: gluteal surface and crest of the ilium (tuber coxae in equine)
insertion: greater trochanter of femur
innervation: cranial gluteal nerve
action: flex the hip, extend the stifle, (extend and abduct the hip joint in dogs)
(flex hip and abduct limb in equines)

Question 5

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the deep gluteal

Answer 5

origin: body of ilium and ischiatic spine
insertion: greater trochanter of femur
innervation: cranial gluteal nerve
action: extend the hip (abduct thigh in equine and bovine)

Question 6

give common origin of middle and deep gluteal

Answer 6

from the gluteal surface/ischiatic spine

Question 7

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the superficial gluteal

Answer 7

origin: sacrum/dorsal iliac spine (tuber coxae in equines)
insertion: third trochanter of femur via sacrotuberous ligament and deep gluteal fascia respectively
innervation: caudal gluteal nerve
action: extend hip and abduct the limb

Question 8

what are the action of the middle, deep, and superficial gluteals in dogs?

Answer 8

extend and abduct the hip joint

Question 9

what are the 4 muscles of the caudal rump?

Answer 9

internal obturator, gemelli, quadratus femoris, and external obturator

Question 10

give innervation, and action of the internal obturator; do cows have? how many heads in a horse?

Answer 10

innervation: sciatic
action: rotate limb laterally at hip;
cows do not have, but equines have two heads of this muscle

Question 11

give the innervation, and action of the external obturator

Answer 11

innervation: obturator nerve
action: rotate limb laterally at the hip

Question 12

what are the 3 muscles of the caudal thigh? plus a 4th just in bovines

Answer 12

1. biceps femoris
2. semitendinosus
3. semimembranosus
   cows have gluteobiceps! (superficial gluteus + biceps fused)

Question 13

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the biceps femoris and name the two heads

Answer 13

origin: ischiatic tuberosity (equine vertebral head from sacral ligament and gluteal fascia)
insertion: patella, patellar ligament and around tibial tuberosity, TUBER CALCANEI (equine cranial head part inserts onto third trochanter)
innervation: sciatic nerve
action: extend hip and stifle (may also flex stifle depending on position); has vertebral and pelvic heads and 3 insertions in equines

Question 14

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the gluteobiceps in cattle

Answer 14

origin: sacral ligaments and gluteal fascia
insertion: patellar ligament, calcaneal tendon
innervation: sciatic nerve
action: extends the hip, extend and flex the stifle, extend the hock

Question 15

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the semitendinosus

Answer 15

origin: ischiatic tuberosity
insertion: TUBER CALCANEI
innervation: sciatic nerve
action: extends the hip and hock; flexes stifle (may extend stifle in large animals)

Question 16

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the semimembranosus

Answer 16

origin: ischiatic tuberosity in canine and cattle, sacral ligaments and gluteal fascia in equines
insertion: medial epicondyle of femur and medial condyle of tibia
innervation: sciatic nerve
action: extends the hip; adduct limb of equines and bovines; extends or flexes the stifle depending on limb position of canine

Question 17

what are the 2 heads of the semimembranosus in equines?

Answer 17

vertebral and pelvic

Question 18

what are the 4 muscles of the medial thigh?

Answer 18

1. sartorius
2. gracilis
3. pectinius
4. adductor

Question 19

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the sartorius; compare and contrast canine versus equine

Answer 19

in dogs has 2 parts (cranial and caudal), is undivided in equines
origin:
dogs: tuber coxae
equines: iliac fascia and psoas minor tendon bovines: iliac fascia, psoas minor tendon, and ilium
insertion: patella and tibia
innervation: femoral nerve
action: flex hip; in dogs the cranial part extends the stifle and the caudal path flexes the stifle

Question 20

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the gracilis

Answer 20

origin: pelvic symphysis (also from prepubic tendon and symphyseal tendon in horse and bovine)
insertion: tibia and tuber calcanei
innervation: obturator nerve
action: extends hip and hock; adducts the limb/thigh

Question 21

give the innervation, and action of the pectineus

Answer 21

innervation: obturator nerve
action: adduct limb/thigh (in large animals can also flex the hip)

Question 22

give the innervation, and action of the adductor; give the 2 parts

Answer 22

the two parts are: adductor magnus and brevis, and adductor longis

innervation: obturator nerve
action: adduct limb/thigh (in large animals can also extend the hip to a minor extent)

Question 23

give the 2 muscles of the cranial thigh

Answer 23

1. quadriceps femoris (includes rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius)
2. iliopsoas: psoas major + iliacus

Question 24

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris

Answer 24

origin: ilium
insertion: tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament (over patella in large animals for all heads)
innervation: femoral nerve
action: extend stifle, flex the hip

Question 25

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris

Answer 25

origin: femur insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament innervation: femoral nerve action: extend the stifle

Question 26

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the vastus lateralis of the quadriceps femoris

Answer 26

origin: femur insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament innervation: femoral nerve action: extend the stifle

Question 27

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the vastus intermedius of the quadriceps

Answer 27

origin: femur insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament innervation: femoral nerve action: extend the stifle

Question 28

what is the most important muscle of the hindlimb?

Answer 28

quadriceps femoris

Question 29

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the iliopsoas

Answer 29

origin: lumbar vertebrae and cranioventral ilium insertion: lesser trochanter innervation: femoral nerve action: major hip flexor

Question 30

give the 6 muscles of the craniolateral leg and say what animals have them

Answer 30

1. cranial tibial- all 2. peroneus tertius- equines and bovines 3. long digital extensor- all 4. peroneus longus- dogs and bovine 5. lateral digital extensor- all 6. short digital extensor- equine and bovine

Question 31

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the cranial tibial muscle

Answer 31

origin: tibia insertion: metatarsal (tarsus in equines) innervation: peroneal nerve action: dogs: flex tarsus and rotate paw medially equine and bovine: flex hock

Question 32

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the peroneus tertius (found only in equines and bovines)

Answer 32

origin: femur (extensor fossa) insertion: MT3+4 in bovines and MT3 and third tarsal in equines innervation: peroneal nerve action: equines: entirely tendinous and a constituent of the reciprocal apparatus in equines bovines: muscular and flexes the hock!

Question 33

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the long digital extensor

Answer 33

origin: distal femur insertion: distal phalanges (P3) in dogs and bovine, P1, P2, and P3 in the horse innervation: peroneal nerve action: flexes the tarsus/hock and extends the digits

Question 34

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the peroneus longus (found only in dogs and bovines)

Answer 34

origin: lateral condyle of tibiA insertion: metatarsal in all plus tarsal bone in bovine innervation: peroneal nerve action: flex tarsus/hock; lateral rotation of dog paw

Question 35

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the lateral digital extensor

Answer 35

origin: tibia and fibula, lateral collateral ligament of stifle insertion: joins the long digital extensor tendon; inserts on the middle and distal phalanx of D4 in bovines innervation: peroneal nerve action: assist long digital extensor

Question 36

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the short digital extensor (only in equines and bovines)

Answer 36

origin: peroneus tertius tendon plus talus in bovine insertion: tendons of long and lateral digital extensors innervation: peroneal nerve action: assist in extension of digital joint extensions

Question 37

what are the 4 muscle of the caudal leg?

Answer 37

1. gastrocnemius 2. superficial digital flexor 3. deep digital flexor 4. popliteus

Question 38

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the gastrocnemius

Answer 38

origin: supracondylar tuberosities insertion: tuber calcanei innervation: tibial nerve action: extend tarsus/hock and flex stifle

Question 39

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the superficial digital flexor

Answer 39

origin: supracondylar tuberosity in dogs and supracondylar fossa in equines and bovines insertion: tuber calcanei and P2 in dogs, P1 and P2 in equines, P2 in bovines (like the forelimb) innervation: tibial nerve action: extend tarsus/hock and flex digits

Question 40

give the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the popliteus

Answer 40

origin: lateral condyle of the femur insertion: tibia innervation: tibial nerve action: flex stifle and in dogs rotates leg medially

Question 41

what 5 muscles contribute to common calcanean tendons?

Answer 41

1. biceps femoris 2. semitendinosus 3. superficial digital flexor 4. gracilis 5. gastrocnemius

Question 42

what does complete rupture of the calcanean tendon result in?

Answer 42

inability to bear weight on the pelvic limb and animal having a typical plantigrade stance

Question 43

what are the 4 major extensors of the hip?

Answer 43

1. the gluteal muscles 2. biceps femoris 3. semitendinosus 4. semimembranosus

Question 44

does quadratus femoris have any action on the hip? is it major or minor?

Answer 44

quadratus femoris minorly extends the hip, but not significantly so if all the other extensors are gone the quadratus femoris cannot extend the hip alone

Question 45

what are the 2 major flexors of the hip? plus give a third minor flexor

Answer 45

1. iliopsoas 2. quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris specifically) 3. minorly tensor fascia latae

Question 46

can you flex the hip if the iliopsoas and quadriceps (rectus femoris) are disabled?

Answer 46

only like 10% thanks to slight contribution from tensor fascia latae