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EMT 104 > Review: Section 6 Medical > Flashcards

Review: Section 6 Medical Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia?

A

Hyperglycemia is a state in which the blood glucose level is above normal. Hypoglycemia is a state in which the blood glucose level is below normal. (pg 624)

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2
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?

A 
•Warm and dry skin
•Intense thirst,Frequent urination,Dehydration
•Hunger
•Nausea, Vomiting
•Rapid, deep breathing (Kussmaul respirations)
•Sweet fruity odor to breath
•Staggering, intoxicated appearance
•Rapid, weak and thready pulse
(pg 625)
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3
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A 
•Pale, cool, and moist skin
•Sweating
•Intense hunger
•Normal or rapid breathing
•Normal odor to breath
•Rapid, weak pulse
•Irritability, confusion, anxiety
•Dizziness, headache
•Impaired vision
•Weakness, fatigue
•Staggering, intoxicated appearance
•Shaking
(pg 626)
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4
Q

What is the medical term for excessive urination?

A

Polyuria (pg 625)

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5
Q

What is the medical term for excessive thirst?

A

Polydipsia (pg 625)

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6
Q

What is the medical term for excessive hunger?

A

Polyphagia (pg 625)

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7
Q

By what routes can a poison enter the body?

A

There are four routes by which a poison can enter the body. (pg 672; figure 19-1)

  1. Inhalation
  2. Absorption
  3. Ingestion
  4. Injection
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8
Q

When a patient’s heart rate decreases, what happens to cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output decreases (pg 529)

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9
Q

When and where will you hear wheezing? What does it sound like?

A

A high pitched whistling sound heard in the lower airway on exhalation. (pg 492)

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10
Q

When and where will you hear stridor? What does it sound like?

A

A high pitched sound heard in the upper airway on inspiration. (pg 493)

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11
Q

When and where will you hear crackles (rales)? What does it sound like?

A

A crackling sound or bubbling sound heard in the lower airway on inspiration. (pg 493)

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12
Q

Where will you hear rhonchi? What does it sound like?

A

A lower pitched rattling sound heard in the upper airway. (pg 493)

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13
Q

When is an allergic reaction a true emergency?

A

When the allergic reaction presents as respiratory distress or as cardiovascular distress in the form of shock. (pg 650)

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14
Q

What is Somatic pain and what causes it? How is it felt?

A

Somatic pain from the abdomen travels along the neural routes.

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15
Q

What should you tell your patients about what you’re doing?

A

Let them know what you are doing and why you are doing it.

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16
Q

If a patient has an altered LOC, what is the first thing you should consider?

A

Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

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17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of an AMI (acute myocardial infarction)?

A
  • Sudden onset of weakness, nausea, and sweating.
  • Unchanging chest pain, discomfort, or pressure
  • Pain, discomfort or pressure in the lower jaw, arms, back, abdomen, or neck
  • Irregular heartbeat
  • Syncope (fainting)
  • Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
  • Pink, frothy sputum
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18
Q

What is a silent AMI?

A

A silent AMI is an AMI in which no chest pain is felt. May have other common complaints associated with ischemia, a feeling of “indigestion”, or simply fatigue. (pg 533)

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19
Q

Who is most likely to experience a silent AMI?

A

Older people, women, and people with diabetes. (pg 533)

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20
Q

How does the immune system work? What are the components?

A

In allergic reaction, the immune system releases chemicals to combat the allergen. Among these chemicals are histamines and leukotrines, both of which contribute to an allergic reaction.

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21
Q

If you need help, who you gonna call?

A

Medical Control (not the Ghost Busters)

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22
Q

Which component of SAMPLE will offer the best clue as to what is wrong?

A

The “E” component.

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23
Q

How does the body compensate when there’s too much sugar?

A

Hyperglycemia results in DKA. The body compensates with deep, rapid breaths (Kussmaul respirations) in order to blow off carbon dioxide. urination, uses fat to metabolize, (see signs of hyperglycemic)

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24
Q

Define “eupnea”

A

Normal, good, unlabored ventilation, sometimes known as quiet breathing or resting respiratory rate.

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25
Q

If you have JVD, you should listen to _____________

A

Lung sounds

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26
Q

What are the 3 stages of a seizure?

A
  1. The aura (the warning)
  2. The ictus (the fit itself, described as tonic or tonic-clonic)
  3. The postictal state (the recovery)(pg 574)
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27
Q

What is happening to the brain during a prolonged seizure?

A

Cerebral hypoxia

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28
Q

What is a seizure?

A

A convulsion, or a temporary alteration in consciousness. The different types can be classified as generalized, partial, and status epilepticus. (pg 573)

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29
Q

Tonic vs Clonic?

A

Tonic is characterized by tensing and muscle rigidity. Clonic is characterized by relaxation and rhythmic movements. (pg 574)

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30
Q

Define “referred pain”.

A

Pain that is felt in an area of the body other than the area where the cause of the pain is located. (pg 602)

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31
Q

Define “Mittelschmerz”

A

A one-sided, lower abdominal pain associated with ovulation.

32
Q

Define “melena”

A

Black, foul-smelling, tarry stool containing digested blood.

33
Q

Define “jaundice”

A

Yellow skin or sclera that is caused by liver disease or dysfunction. A sign of hepatitis infection includes jaundice. (pgs 462-463)

34
Q

Define “narcotic”.

A

Drugs produced from a base of opium. Often called “opiate drugs” in order to differentiate them from other classes of drugs, they are the same things. Opiate drugs are also called opioids.

35
Q

List some examples of opioids.

A

Examples are heroin, oxycodone, morphine, codeine.

36
Q

Signs and symptoms of opioids overdose.

A

Hypovenilation, respiratory arrest, pinpoint pupils, sedation or coma, hypotension

37
Q

Examples of sympathomimetics.

A

Epinephrine, albuterol, cocaine, methamphetamine

38
Q

Signs and symptoms of sympathomimetics overdose.

A

Hypertension, tachycardia, dilated pupils, agitation, seizures, hyperthermia.

39
Q

Examples of sedative-hypnotics.

A

Diazepam (Valium), secobarbital (Seconal), flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)

40
Q

Signs and symptoms of sedative-hypnotics overdose.

A

Slurred speech, sedation or coma, hypoventilation, hypotension.

41
Q

Examples of anticholinergics

A

Atropine, Jimson weed

42
Q

Signs and symptoms of anticholinergics overdose.

A

Tachycardia, hyperthermia, hypertension, dilated pupils, dry skin, dry mucous membranes, sedation, agitation, seizures, coma, delirium, decreased bowel sounds.

43
Q

Examples of cholinergics.

A

Pilocarpine, nerve gas

44
Q

Signs and symptoms of cholinergics overdose.

A

Excess defecation or urination, muscle fasciculations, pinpoint pupils, excess lacrimation (tearing) or salivation, airway compromise, nausea, vomiting.

45
Q

Define “delirium”.

A

A sudden change in mental status marked by the inability to focus, think logically, and maintain attention.

46
Q

Define “fetal position”.

A

The positioning of the body of a prenatal fetus as it develops. In this position, the back is curved, the head is bowed, and the limbs are bent and drawn up to the torso. A patient in this position is attempting to relieve pain.

47
Q

What position should you place a patient in following a seizure?

A

The recovery position.

48
Q

First suspicion given a young female with abdominal pain.

A

Pregnancy

49
Q

With a medical patient, what might be the only way to determine the problem?

A

A good history taking. (pg 456)

50
Q

Define “paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea”.

A

Attacks of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occur at night. It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening. A sign of congestive heart failure. (pg 479)

51
Q

“Cardio” refers to what?

A

The heart.

52
Q

What should always be considered when evaluating an apparent trauma patient?

A

A possible medical event.

53
Q

What drives your patient assessment on a medical call?

A

The chief complaint enables you to perform a focused assessment.

54
Q

Increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and pale, cool, and clammy skin indicate what?

A

Shock

55
Q

What happens to the body when the kidneys fail to function?

A

When the kidneys fail, the patient loses the ability to excrete waste from the body, leading to a condition called uremia. This means that the waste product, urea, which is normally excreted into the urine, remains in the blood. (pg 606)

56
Q

What is renal disease?

A

Renal disease is kidney failure, either acute or chronic. (pg 606)

57
Q

What is the difference between a symptom and a sign?

A

A symptom is a subjective condition that the patient feels and tells you about. A sign is an objective condition that you can observe about the patient. (pg 253)

58
Q

Ingested toxins get into the body through which organ?

A

Small intestine

59
Q

Where do you initially find appendix pain?

A

Initially, the pain caused by appendicitis is more generalized, dull, and diffuse and may center in the umbilical area. (pg 604)

60
Q

Define “periumbilical”.

A

Around or near the umbilicus

61
Q

What is PID (pelvic inflammatory disorder) and why is it bad?

A

PID is an infection of the female upper organs of reproduction—specifically the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes—that occurs almost exclusively in sexually active women.May result in ectopic pregnancy or an abscess that can be lethal. (pg 726)

62
Q

What is the #1 factor in suicides?

A

Depression (pg 708)

63
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure?

A

Pulmony edema, dependent edema, pinky, frothy sputum, severe dyspnea, crackles lung sounds, high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, rapid respirations.(pg 536-537)

64
Q

Define “anaphylaxis”.

A

An extreme, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure.

65
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?

A

Wheezing, bronchoconstriction, widespread urticaria (hives), hypotension, capillary permeability, hypovolemic shock. (pg 647)

66
Q

How is anaphylaxis treated?

A

.Manage the airway, assist ventilations, administer high-flow oxygen, determine cause, assist with administration of epinephrine, transport promptly. (pg 396)

67
Q

Describe the difference between angina and an AMI.

A

Angina is chest pain that is felt when the heart’s need for oxygen exceeds its supply, usually during periods of physical or emotional stress when the heart is working hard. The pain of an AMI signals the actual death of cells in the heart muscle when a blockage occurs in the coronary artery. (pg 531-532)

68
Q

List all the types of diabetes.

A

Diabetes insipidus, Diabetes mellitus type I, Diabetes mellitus type II

69
Q

What is concerning about suddenly become happy after depression?

A

May indicate development of a plan to commit suicide and the intent to follow through with the plan in the near future.

70
Q

Define “infarction”.

A

The death of tissue

71
Q

What is abnormal behavior?

A

Any reaction to events that interferes with the activities of daily living or has become unacceptable to the patient, family, or community. If the interruption of daily routine tends to recur on a regular basis, the behavior is also considered a mental health problem. (pg 702)

72
Q

Define type I diabetes.

A

The type of diabetic disease that typically develops in childhood and requires synthetic insulin for proper treatment and control. (pg 622) Patients do not produce insulin. More likely to have metabolic problems and organ damage, such as blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, and nerve disorders.

73
Q

What is the difference between a stroke and a TIA?

A

A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke, is an interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function. Lacking oxygen, brain cells stop working and begin to die. In some patients, normal processes in the body will break up a blood clot in the brain. When that happens quickly, blood flow is restored to the affected area, and the patient will regain use of the affected body part. When stroke symptoms last less than 24 hours, the event is called a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Also called ministrokes.

74
Q

Define type II diabetes.

A

The type of diabetic disease that typically develops in later life and often can be controlled through diet and oral medications. (pg 622) Patients produce inadequate amounts of insulin or they may produce a normal amount, but the insulin does not function effectively. Many can be treated with diet, exercise, and oral medications.

75
Q

Increased cardiac output is controlled by what system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system(pg 527)

EMT 104 (20 decks)

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