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US History OK State Test Review > Review Part 5- Cold War, Civil Rights > Flashcards

Review Part 5- Cold War, Civil Rights Flashcards

The student will analyze foreign and domestic policies during the Cold War, 1945 to 1975.

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1
Q

Containment

A
  • Keep communism contained within its existing borders

- George Kennan’s idea

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2
Q

President Harry Truman

A
  • Tried to stop the spread of communism
  • Promoted the “Fair Deal” program that included more social security benefits, public health insurance, and an end to racial discrimination
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3
Q

Division of Berlin

A
  • Berlin, Germany
  • East was communist
  • West was democratic
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4
Q

Berlin Blockade and Airlift

A
  • Stalin stopped highway, railway, and waterway traffic into West Berlin
  • Without supplies, West Berlin would fall to the communists
  • US and Britain supplied West Berlin through an airlift
  • Flew supplies, food, clothing, medicine into West Berlin
  • Demonstrated how far the US would go to contain communism
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5
Q

Fall of the Iron Curtain

A
  • Named by Winston Churchill
  • West of curtain- noncommunist countries
  • East of curtain- communist countries
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6
Q

Marshall Plan

A

-Foreign policy that offered economic aid to Western European countries after WWII

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7
Q

United Nations

A
  • US, Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China

- All assigned permanent seats on the Security Council of the UN

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8
Q

NATO

A
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization

- Provided the military alliance to counter Soviet expansion

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9
Q

Warsaw Pact

A
  • In response to NATO
  • The Soviet Union and its satellite states formed a rival military alliance
  • Members pledged to defend one another if attacked
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10
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

-President Truman’s promise to aid nations struggling against communist movements

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11
Q

American response to the invasion of South Korea

A
  • President Truman announced the US would aid South Korea against North Korea
  • United Nations sent military forces to aid South Korea
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12
Q

Berlin Wall

A
  • Visible symbol of the reality of the 2 Germanys between the communist East and democratic West
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13
Q

Bay of Pigs Invasion

A

-1961 failed invasion of Cuba by a CIA-led force of Cuban exiles

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14
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A
  • 1962 conflict between the US and the Soviet Union resulting from the Soviet installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba
  • Results- Telephone Hotline installed
  • Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed
  • US removed missiles from Turkey and promised not to invade Cuba
  • Soviet Union removed missiles from Cuba
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15
Q

Peace Corps

A

-American government organization that sends volunteers to provide technical, educational, and medical services in developing countries

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16
Q

Red Scare

A

-The fear that communists both outside and inside America were working to destroy American life

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17
Q

Smith Act

A

-Made it unlawful to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the US government

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18
Q

House of Un-American Activities Committee

A

-Investigated possible subversive activities by fascists, Nazis, or communists

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19
Q

Army-McCarthy Hearings

A
  • Joseph McCarthy claimed that the US Army was full of communists
  • Senate held televised hearings to sort out the allegations
  • Public saw McCarthy’s bullying tactics
  • He lost many supporters
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20
Q

Rosenbergs’ Spy Trials

A
  • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg accused of espionage
  • Case based on the work of a confessed spy
  • Rosenbergs plead innocent and claimed they were attacked for being Jewish and nontraditional beliefs
  • Found guilty and executed
  • Evidence suggests Julius was involved in espionage but Ethel only a minor role
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21
Q

Nuclear Weapons

A

-President Eisenhower focused on stockpiling nuclear weapons and building the planes, missiles, and submarines needed to deliver them

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22
Q

Arms Race

A

-Contest in which nations compete to build more powerful weapons

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23
Q

Brinkmanship

A
  • Belief that only by going to the brink of war could the US protect itself against communist aggression and prevent war
  • US would respond to communist threats to its allies by threatening to use crushing, overwhelming forces, even nuclear weapons
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24
Q

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

A
  • Policy in which the US and the Soviet Union hoped to deter nuclear war by building up enough weapons to destroy one another
  • Hopefully this would prevent either country from actually using a nuclear device against the other
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25
Q

Sputnik

A
  • 1957
  • Developed by the Soviet Union
  • First satellite to orbit earth
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26
Q

Space Race

A

-Competition between the US and the Soviet Union to develop the technology to successfully land on the moon

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27
Q

Domino Theory

A

-The idea that if Vietnam fell to communism, its closest neighbors would follow

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28
Q

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A
  • Authorized the president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression
  • Allowed him to commit US troops to South Vietnam to fight against North Vietnam without having to ask congress to declare war
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29
Q

Tet Offensive

A
  • 1968
  • Communist assault on a large number of South Vietnamese cities to gain support in those cities
  • Thought it had a good chance of ending the war
  • US and South Vietnamese forces repelled the offensive
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30
Q

Presidential Election of 1968

A
  • Richard Nixon (Rep.)
  • Hubert Humphrey (Dem.)
  • Nixon won
  • Violence and antiwar protests surrounded this election
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31
Q

University Student Protest

A
  • Students around the country protested against the Vietnam war on campuses
  • At times, police and National Guard has to stop the protests
  • Kent State- protesters threw bottles and rocks at National Guard/ National Guard opened fire killing 4 students
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32
Q

Television Coverage of Vietnam War

A
  • Brought the war to Americans’ living rooms

- Showed shocking footage

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33
Q

War Powers Act

A

-Restricted the President’s war making powers by requiring him to consult with congress within 48 hours of committing American forces to a foreign conflict

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34
Q

26th Amendment

A

-Voting age is lowered from 21 to 18

35
Q

De Jure Segregation

A

-Segregation that is imposed by law

36
Q

De Facto Segregation

A

-Segregation by unwritten custom or tradition

37
Q

Thurgood Marshall

A
  • An African American lawyer

- Headed the legal team that challenged the courts legality of segregation

38
Q

NAACP

A
  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
  • Largest and most powerful civil rights organization
  • Had black and white members
39
Q

George McLaurin

A
  • African American student denied admission to OU
  • McLaurin went to the supreme court
  • Ruled the university had to admit McLaurin provide separate facilities
40
Q

Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher

A
  • African American student denied admission to OU

- Supreme court ruled the university had to admit her and provide the same educational opportunities

41
Q

Separate but Equal

A
  • Different facilities (buses, schools, bathrooms) for blacks and whites but the same type of facilities
  • Decided at Plessy v. Ferguson court case
42
Q

Brown v. Board of Education

A

-Overturned the principle of “separate but equal”

43
Q

Rosa Parks

A
  • African American woman refused to give up her seat on a public bus for a white passenger
  • Her arrest sparked the bus boycott
44
Q

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A
  • An organized boycott lasting just over a year

- Blacks refused to ride the buses as a way to express their opposition to Parks arrest and bus segregation

45
Q

Little Rock Central High School

A
  • One of the first schools in AK to desegregate
  • 9 African American students enrolled
  • AK governor opposed and had the national guard block the entrance to the school
  • President Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect the students and uphold the court’s ruling the entire school year
46
Q

Clara Luper/ OKC sit-ins

A
  • Luper was a high school history teacher
  • Led a group of students in a sit-in at a drugstore in downtown OKC
  • For 6 years, she continued sit-ins, protests, and boycotts in OKC
  • 1964 OKC passed an ordinance preventing store owners from refusing service to anyone
47
Q

Freedom Rides

A
  • Organized by CORE
  • 2 buses went from Washington DC to New Orleans and along the way riders defied segregation codes
  • In Alabama, the buses were firebombed and attacked by a white mob
  • JFK had police and state troopers protect the riders
  • Federal Transportation Commission mandated the desegregation of interstate transportation
48
Q

March on Washington

A
  • Brought together major civil rights groups

- MLK Jr gave his “I have a dream” speech

49
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A
  • Banned segregation in public accommodations and gave the federal government the ability to compel state and local school boards to desegregate their schools
  • Individuals who violated people’s civil rights and outlawed discrimination in employment on account of race, color, sex, or national origin could be prosecuted
  • Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
50
Q

24th Amendment

A

-Banned poll tax

51
Q

Birmingham Church Bombing

A
  • Sept 1963
  • A bomb exploded in the church killing 6 young black girls
  • The church had been used the SCLC’s headquarters
52
Q

Voting Rights Act of 1964

A

-Banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voting registration and elections in states that had discriminated against minorities.

53
Q

Selma to Montgomery Marches

A
  • Campaign to pressure the federal government to enact voting rights legislation
  • The protests turned violent on a bridge
  • As protesters tried to cross, state troopers attacked the marchers
  • Known as “Bloody Sunday”
54
Q

Assassination of MLK Jr.

A
  • April 4, 1968
  • Shot outside his hotel in Memphis, TN
  • James Earl Ray charged with murder
  • Riots broke out after King’s assassination
55
Q

MLK Jr./ I Have a Dream Speech (view points)

A
  • Advocated peaceful protests
  • Gave speech at the March on Washington
  • Dreamed of a colorblind society where all people would be free and equal
56
Q

Malcolm X

A
  • Minister of the Nation of Islam

- Very radical

57
Q

SNCC (view points)

A
  • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
  • Goal was to create a grass-roots movement that involved all classes of African Americans in the struggle to defeat white racism and obtain equality.
58
Q

SCLC (view points)

A
  • Southern Christian Leadership Conference
  • Coordinate and support nonviolent direct action
  • Believed that churches should be involved in political activism
59
Q

CORE (view points)

A
  • Congress of Racial Equality
  • White and Black members
  • Followed Ghandi’s teachings of non-violence resistance
60
Q

Women’s Liberation Movement

A
  • Similarities between the treatment of African Americans and the treatment of women
  • Civil Rights inspired women to demand gender equality and taught them ways to get it
  • Brought black and white women together for a shared cause
61
Q

United Farm Workers

A
  • Farmworkers’ union merged with a Filipino farm laborers union to form the UFW
  • Followed nonviolent tactics to earn recognition from the grape growers
62
Q

Cesar Chavez

A
  • Influential Latino activist
  • Fought for rights for migrant farm laborers
  • Helped form the UFW
63
Q

American Indian Movement (AIM)

A
  • Inspired by civil rights movement

- Addressed all civil rights for Native Americans (land, legal rights, self-gov)

64
Q

LBJ’s civil rights initiatives

A
  • Civil Rights Act (1964) outlawed discrimination in voting, education, and public accommodations
  • Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to fight hiring discrimination
  • Prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex
65
Q

War on Poverty

A

-Introduced measures to train the jobless, educate the uneducated, and provide healthcare

66
Q

The Great Society

A
  • Outlined LBJ’s vision for America
  • demanded an end to poverty and racial injustice and opportunity to every child
  • Did not completely alter America but did improve education, healthcare, and poverty
67
Q

Native American Movement

A
  • 1960s/70s
  • Addressed civil rights issues
  • Several organizations were formed to fight for rights
68
Q

Siege at Wounded Knee

A
  • Feb. 1973
  • AIM organized a protest at Wounded Knee
  • AIM took over a village and refused to leave until the government agreed to look into the conditions of reservation Indians
  • Federal authorities were brought in and 2 AIM members were killed
  • Ended in May when the gov agreed to reexamine native treaty rights
69
Q

Changing roles of women post-war

A
  • More women in the work place

- More women attending higher education

70
Q

Women’s Liberation Movement Goals

A
  • Demanded equal treatment in the workplace

- Gender equality

71
Q

National Organization of Women (NOW)

A
  • Established by Betty Friedan

- dedicated to gaining true equality for all women and to attain full and equal partnership of the sexes

72
Q

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A
  • NOW wanted the passage of the ERA
  • This amendment would guarantee gender equality under the law and reproductive rights
  • Was never ratified
73
Q

Roe v. Wade

A
  • 1973

- Supreme court decision which assured women the right to legal abortion

74
Q

Detente

A
  • Used by President Nixon
  • Flexible diplomacy to ease Cold War tensions between US, Soviet Union, and China
  • Helped the US end the Vietnam war and closer to ending the Cold War
75
Q

Nixon’s Opening of China

A
  • Establishing diplomatic relations with the Chinese communists would benefit the US (trade agreements/ wedge between China and Soviet Union)
  • Feb. 1972 Nixon traveled to China and met with Chinese leaders
  • Established full diplomatic relations
76
Q

Watergate Scandal

A
  • 5 Men, linked to Pres Nixon, were arrested for trying to bug the offices of the Democratic National Committee
  • Nixon denies knowledge of the break-in and refuses to release tapes of oval office conversations
  • Determined that Nixon ordered a cover-up
  • Nixon resigns
  • American lose trust in gov
77
Q

Executive Powers

after Watergate

A
  • New reforms enacted to restore people’s confidence in the gov
  • Established a procedure to investigate charges against the White House
  • Limited the amount of money people can give candidates to prevent corruption
78
Q

Role of the media

during Watergate

A
  • The public might have never learned of the President’s actions without the investigative reporting
  • Series of articles published as the situation unfolded
79
Q

The Pentagon Papers

during Watergate

A
  • The papers comprised the US military’s actions/plans during the Vietnam War
  • Papers published by the New York Times at the beginning of the Watergate scandal
  • Politically embarrassing
  • Americans lose trust in gov
80
Q

25th Amendment

A
  • Deals with presidential succession
  • 1973 Nixon nominated Gerald Ford to take the Vice Pres position after the previous VP resigned
  • 1974 Ford took Nixon’s Presidential position after Nixon resigned
81
Q

Pres Ford pardoning former Pres Nixon

A
  • Caused Ford to lose public support/confidence

- Ford was accused of having a secret deal with Nixon- strongly denied this

82
Q

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A

-Banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voting registration and elections in states that had discriminated against minorities

83
Q

Vietnam War consequences

A
  • 1975 Vietnam under the control of communist gov.
    - Communist spread to Laos Cambodia
    - War Powers Act was passed (restricted presidential powers)
  • Many Americans thought Vietnam War was a mistake, unlikely to support future foreign entanglements
84
Q

Incorporation Doctrine

A
  • Due to the 14th Amendment parts of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states
  • This means state gov are held to the same standards as the Fed gov regarding certain constitutional rights

US History OK State Test Review (7 decks)

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