Review Part 1- Recon to Progressivism Flashcards
The student will analyze the transformation of the US through its civil rights struggles, immigrant experiences, settlement of the American West, and the industrialization of American society in the Post-Reconstruction through the Progressive Eras, 1865 to 1900.
14th Amendment
Constitutional amendment which defined African Americans citizenship and guaranteed citizens equal protection under the law
13th Amendment
Constitutional amendment that ended slavery
15th Amendment
Constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race
Black Codes
Laws and rules enacted by southern states after the Civil War to…
- regain control over the freed slaves
- maintain white supremacy
- ensure the continued supply of cheap labor.
Jim Crow Laws
Segregation laws enacted by the southern states after Reconstruction
Ku Klux Klan
- A white supremacist organization founded in 1866
- Promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups
- Used acts of terrorism (murder, Lynching, Arson, bombing) to oppose the granting of Civil Rights to African Americans
Poll Taxes
- A sum of money to be paid before a person could vote
- Used to try to prevent African Americans from voting after Reconstruction
Plessy v. Ferguson
- 1896
- The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of requiring white and “colored” persons to be furnished “separate but equal” accommodations in public facilities
Literacy Test
Reading and writing test used in some southern states to prevent African Americans from voting
Push Factors (immigration)
Compel people to leave their homeland.
- Civil war and political revolution at home
- Religious Oppression
- Poor economic prospects
Pull Factors (immigration)
Draw people to a new place.
- Promise of political & religious freedom
- Promise of industrial jobs & cheap land
Chinese Exclusion Act
- 1882
- Law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers.
Nativism
Belief that native-born white Americans are superior to immigrant. (Anti-immigrant sentiment)
Americanization
Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens.
Ellis Island
- Island in New York Harbor
- Served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving to the US
Reservations
Public lands where Native Americans were forced to live by the federal gov
Assimilation
- To be absorbed into the main culture of society
- Example: Make the Native Americans dress, talk, and live like white men
Wounded Knee
- 1890
- Confrontation between US calvary and Sioux Indians
- Marked the end of Indian resistance
Dawes Act
- Replaced reservations with granting each Indian family a 160 acre farmstead
- Land could not be sold or transferred from original family for 25 years
Red Cloud
“Cooper Union Speech”
- Sioux Chief
- Fought to keep the Sioux lands but was later forced onto a reservation
- Gave a speech in 1870 about the treatment his people had endured
Chief Joseph
- Chief of Nez Perces Indians
- Tried to move his people to Canada but were forced onto a reservation
- Gave “I will fight no more forever” speech
Chief Seattle
- Pursued a path of accommodation to white settlers.
- Gave a speech arguing for ecological responsibility
- Respect of Native Americans’ land rights has been attributed to him
Quanah Parker
- Comanche Chief
- Forced onto a reservation where he became a successful rancher
Robber Barons
- A derogatory term applied to wealthy and powerful American businessmen during the industrial revolution
- businessmen who used what were considered to be exploitative practices to gain their wealth
- set unfair prices
- pushed out small businesses
Philanthropists
People who give donations or charitable aid to improve the well-being of a society
John D. Rockefeller
- Industrialist who developed a way to refine oil into a clean burning substance for light
- Created the “Standard Oil Company”
Andrew Carnegie
- Industrialist who used the Bessemer Process to mass produce steel
- Created “Carnegie Steel”
Gospel of Wealth
- Article written by Andrew Carnegie
- Encouraged the wealthy to donate some of their wealth to society through donations/charitable aid
Thomas Edison
- Patented the light bulb
- The light bulb allowed cities to operate 24/7
Alexander G. Bell
- Invented the telephone
- Allowed people to communicate at a faster rate all over the US
Bessemer Process
- Developed by Henry Bessemer
- A process for purifying iron, resulting in strong, lightweight steel
- This made it possible to build taller and stronger buildings and bridges
Muckrakers
-Journalists and novelists who used their writing to expose political, economic, and social problems
Ida Tarbell
- Wrote “The History of Standard Oil”
- Reported that Rockefeller used ruthless methods to ruin his competitors and charged higher price in order to make higher profits
Upton Sinclair
- Wrote “The Jungle”
- Exposed the poor, unsanitary conditions in the US meat packing industry.
- Contributed to the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act
Child Labor
- Children as young as 5 working in dangerous, unsanitary working conditions
- Keating Owens Act banned child labor
Working Conditions
- Laborers worked in unsanitary and dangerous conditions
- During the progressive era, reforms and laws were put in place to improve conditions, wages, and working hours
Sherman Antitrust Act
- 1890
- Law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce
- First law to limit cartels and monopolies
Women’s Suffrage
- The right for women to vote
- 19th Amendment
Temperance Movement
-Movement started by women aimed at stopping alcohol abuse and the problems created by it
Susan B. Anthony
- American women’s rights leader in the 19th century
- Introduced women’s suffrage into the US
- Co-founder of the Women’s Temperance Movement with Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Alice Paul
- Formed the National Women’s Party
- Used public protest marches to gain support for women’s suffrage
- NWP was the first group to picket outside the White House
Jane Addams
- Leading figure in the settlement house movement
- Opened the Hull House in Chicago to provide social services to the urban poor
Pullman Strike
- 1894
- Violent railway workers’ strike which began in Chicago and spread nationwide
Haymarket Riot
- 1886
- Labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence
Homestead Strike
- 1892
- Strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania at one of Carnegie’s Steel factory which ended in deadly violence
Eugene V. Debs
- Organized the American Railway Union
- Refused to end the railway strike and was arrested
Progressive Movement
Movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanizations by promoting reforms to improve political, economic, and social issues.
Direct Primary
Election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections
Initiative Petition
Process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot
Referendum
Process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by legislature
Recall
Process by which voters can remove elected officials from office before their term ends
Cross of Gold Speech
- Delivered by William Jennings Bryan in 1896
- Bryan supported “free silver” (Both gold and silver could be legal tender)
- Argued it would improve the economy
T. Roosevelt- Conservation of the environment
- Developed plans to conserve and use forests
- Passed the National Reclamation Act which gave the federal gov the power to decide where and how water would be distributed
16th Amendment
Gave congress the power to collect taxes on people’s income
17th Amendment
Instituted the direct election of senators by the people of each state
18th Amendment
Banned the making, selling, and transporting of alcoholic beverages in the US
19th Amendment
Gave women the right to vote in all elections
21st Amendment
Repealed prohibition
