Review Packet for the first test

Question 1

Which ions are more concentrated outside the membrane?

Answer 1

Na+ and Cl-

Question 2

When a neurotransmitter produces EPSPs, does this cause depolarization or hyperpolarization?

Answer 2

depolarization

Question 3

When a neurotransmitter produces IPSPs, does this cause depolarization or hyperpolarization?

Answer 3

hyperpolarization

Question 4

3. Synthesis of DA and NA begins with

Answer 4

tyrosine

Question 5

What is the name of the noradrenergic autoreceptor?

Answer 5

alpha2

Question 6

5. Postsynaptic histamine receptors are named _________, while autoreceptors are _________

Answer 6

H1

H3

Question 7

4. Is a postsynaptic dopamine receptor blocker, like most antipsychotic drugs, an agonist or an antagonist for dopamine?

Answer 7

antagonist

Question 8

5. Is an H1 receptor blocker an agonist or an antagonist for histamine?

Answer 8

antagonist

Question 9

6. Is an alpha2 receptor blocker an agonist or an antagonist for NE?

Answer 9

agonist

Question 10

Is a drug that blocks postsynaptic beta receptors an agonist or an antagonist for NE?

Answer 10

antagonist

Question 11

What are the names of the cholinergic receptors at neuromuscular junctions?

Answer 11

nicotinic

Question 12

The cholinergic receptors in the brain that are blocked by atropine are named

Answer 12

muscarinic.

Question 13

Is the action of endogenous opioids terminated by reuptake or by enzymes?

Answer 13

enzymes

Question 14

Glutamate produces EPSPs by:

a. Opening Cl- channels
b. Opening Na+ channels

Answer 14

b. Opening Na+ channels

Question 15

Which of the following are examples of ways that a drug can be an antagonist, decreasing the action of a neurotransmitter?

a. block post-synaptic receptor
b. block auto-receptor
c. inhibit destructive enzyme (e.g., AchE)
d. block transporter that returns neurotransmitter to terminal

Answer 15

a. block post-synaptic receptor → antagonist (BETA blockers)

Question 16

Which of the following would be a noradrenergic agonist?

a. Alpha2 blocker
b. Beta blocker
c. Ketamine

Answer 16

a. Alpha2 blocker

Question 17

Which of the following might increase dopamine action?

a. Stimulation of the ventral tegmental area
b. Stimulation of the substantia nigra
c. Stimulation of the locus coeruleus
d. L-dopa
e. A dopamine reuptake inhibitor

Answer 17

a. Stimulation of the ventral tegmental area
b. Stimulation of the substantia nigra
d. L-dopa
e. A dopamine reuptake inhibitor

Question 18

An alpha2 blocker would be a:

a. Noradrenergic agonist
b. Noradrenergic antagonist
c. Serotonin agonist
d. Serotonin antagonist

Answer 18

a. Noradrenergic agonist

c. Serotonin agonist

Question 19

Which of the following might decrease pain?

a. an increase in mu receptors
b. stimulation of the periaqueductal gray area
c. estrogen
d. naloxone

Answer 19

a. an increase in mu receptors
b. stimulation of the periaqueductal gray area
c. estrogen

Question 20

Which of the following might be helpful in reducing monoamine effects?

a. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor
b. MAO inhibitor
c. Postsynaptic D2 blocker
d. Alpha2 blocker
e. Beta blocker (postsynaptic receptor)

Answer 20

c. Postsynaptic D2 blocker

e. Beta blocker (postsynaptic receptor)

Question 21

A noradrenergic agonist would be likely to:

a. speed heart rate
b. increase bronchial dilation
c. increase salivation
d. dilate pupils

Answer 21

a. speed heart rate
b. increase bronchial dilation
d. dilate pupils

Question 22

Dry mouth might result from a:

a. noradrenergic agonist
b. muscarinic agonist
c. noradrenergic antagonist
d. muscarinic antagonist

Answer 22

a. noradrenergic agonist
d. muscarinic antagonist
- MA blocks parasympathetic

Question 23

Stimulating the ventral tegmental area would increase release of dopamine in the

a. prefrontal cortex
b. nucleus accumbens
c. basal ganglia

Answer 23

a. prefrontal cortex

b. nucleus accumbens

Question 24

Which of the following may be most important in the effect of cannabinoids on pain?

a. the somatosensory cortex
b. the anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 24

b. the anterior cingulate cortex

Question 25

The sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine and epinephrine from the

Answer 25

adrenal medulla

Question 26

Which of the following would be likely to lead to an increase in endogenous opioids?

          a. sudden, severe pain 
          b. acupuncture
          c. placebo pain reliever
          d. pregnancy

Answer 26

a. sudden, severe pain (natural increaser)
b. acupuncture
c. placebo pain reliever
d. pregnancy (natural increaser)

Question 27

Which of the following would be a monoamine antagonist?

a. H1 receptor blocker
b. H3 receptor blocker (autoreceptor)
c. Beta receptor blocker (heteroreceptor)
d. Alpha2 receptor blocker (autoreceptor)
- beta

Answer 27

a. H1 receptor blocker

c. Beta receptor blocker (heteroreceptor)

Question 28

Which of the following would be likely to dilate pupils?

a. An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
b. A muscarinic antagonist
c. A nicotinic antagonist

Answer 28

b. A muscarinic antagonist

- only muscarinic receptors are involved in PNS

Question 29

If stimulating (or lesioning) each of the following changes behavior, what neurotransmitter would be most strongly implicated? (4)

Ralphe Nuclei
Locus Correlus
Substania Nigra
Ventral tegmental area

Answer 29

RN = Serotonin
LC = Norepinephrine
SN= Dopamine
VTA= Dopamine

Question 30

Blocking alpha2 receptors can

a. Increase release of norepinephrine
b. Increase release of serotonin

Answer 30

a. Increase release of norepinephrine

b. Increase release of serotonin