Final Exam Review Packet 2 Flashcards
They are dopamine antagonists in the mesolimbic path.
First-generation antipsychotic drugs
Second-generation antipsychotic drugs
They are dopamine agonists in the prefrontal cortex.
Second-generation antipsychotic drugs
Methylphenidate
Atomoxetine
First-generation antipsychotics are more successful in treating ______ symptoms than ________ symptoms
positive, negative
Explain why L-Dopa, prescribed for Parkinson’s disease, can cause symptoms that resemble schizophrenia. Would they be “positive” or “negative” symptoms? (Remember that L-Dopa is a dopamine agonist.)
Increasing dopamine in mesolimbic path might cause positive symptoms.
Ketamine, which is a _________ (name neurotransmitter and receptor) antagonist, might be helpful for:
Glutamate NMDA
depression
Acetylcholine (and nicotine) can have an indirect effect on schizophrenia by stimulating NMDA receptors. Does this relieve or exacerbate symptoms?
(Think about whether glutamate action is deficient or excessive in schizophrenia.)
relieve
Monochorionic twins, who share a single placenta, are much more likely to be concordant for schizophrenia than are dichorionic monozygotic twins.
This is strong evidence for the importance of
prenatal environment.
A deficiency in serotonin action may contribute to:
a. major depression
b. seasonal affective disorder
c. anxiety
d. OCD
e. aggression
a. major depression
b. seasonal affective disorder
c. anxiety
d. OCD
e. aggression
Genetic influence is strong for:
a. ADHD
b. OCD
c. Depression
d. Schizophrenia
a. ADHD
b. OCD
c. Depression
d. Schizophrenia
In the HPA axis, what hormone is released from the hypothalamus? The pituitary gland? The adrenal cortex?
hypothalamus = CRH
Pituitary = ACTH
Adrenal cortex = glucocorticoids
In the HPG axis, what hormone is released from the hypothalamus? What hormones are released from the pituitary gland? The gonads?
Hypothalamus = GnRH
Pituitary gland = LH and FSH
Gonads = Estrogen and testosterone
What does it mean to say that there is a negative feedback mechanism for the HPA axis, and for the HPG axis?
CRH decreases in response to glucocorticoids, and GnRH decreases in response to estrogen and testosterone.
If the amount of CRH is not affected by dexamethasone, what would that indicate about the HPA axis?
Negative feedback isn’t working properly (i.e., HPA axis is dysregulated).
In addition to their negative feedback affecting CRH, glucocorticoids can also affect the HPG axis. Explain Why is this important?
Glucocorticoids can suppress GnRH.
decrease fertility
Kisspeptin from the arcuate nucleus helps to trigger ________ and it is in turn influenced by leptin
puberty
How would a GnRH antagonist influence sexual motivation?
decrease
Androgens influence sexual motivation in:
Both men and women
Adrenarche is caused by _________ from _______
Increase in androgens from the adrenal cortex
Prenatal androgens may influence sexual orientation. True or False
true
Oxytocin does the following
causes milk ejection in lactating women.
is released during orgasm.
contributes to pair bonding.
Androgens have an _________________ effect on aggressiveness.
organizational
activational
What neurotransmitter (a deficiency of it) seems to have an important influence on aggressiveness?
serotonin
Testosterone not only influences behavior but responds to events. Give an example.
Competitive situations, anticipation of sex
Testosterone not only influences behavior but responds to events. Give an example.
Competitive situations, anticipation of sex
Neuropeptide Y from the arcuate nucleus affects appetite by increasing release of _________ from the lateral hypothalamus
MCH and orexin
What effect do CART neurons have on MCH and orexin?
Decrease
What affects do ghrelin and leptin have on neuropeptide Y?
Ghrelin increases NPY, but leptin decreases it
Peptide YY is released by the small intestine. The greater the number of calories ingested, the _______ the amount of PYY.
larger
What effect does Peptide YY have on neuropeptide Y?
decrease
By what mechanism do cannabinoids affect appetite?
Increase MCH and orexin release
Sleep deprivation leads to an increase in _____________.
b. ghrelin
For which of the following is/are an increase linked with hunger?
a. orexin
b. endocannabinoids
c. ghrelin
d. leptin
orexin
endocannabinoids
ghrelin
If orexin levels are high, how does this influence likelihood of falling asleep?
Decrease
Which of the following would encourage sleep?
a. noradrengic agonist
b. histamine agonist
c. gaba agonist
C. GABA agonist
Melatonin is released from _______ gland.
the pineal
What is the role of adenosine in influencing sleep?
Adenosine increases dependent upon time since last slept; it contributes to onset of sleep.
How does suvorexant encourage sleep?
Orexin antagonist
How do benzodiazepines encourage sleep?
GABA agonist
In the sympathetic nervous system, ______ is released from the adrenal medulla.
epinephrine
A cholinergic (muscarinic) antagonist would be likely to decrease ________________.
a. salivation
b. nasal secretions
a. salivation
b. nasal secretions
Why would an antidepressant that is a strong noradrenergic agonist, like some tricyclic antidepressants, be likely to cause dry mouth?
Noradrenergic agonist mimics sympathetic nervous system.
If someone has a disease that reduces either the number of cholinergic neurons or the receptors, how can an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor help to compensate?
Prolongs action of acetylcholine
Severe pain is likely to _______________ release of endogenous opioids.
increase
Reduction in mu receptors, e.g., because of downregulation by opioid use, would _____________ pain perception.
increase
Heroin addiction may be overcome with the help of buprenorphine. Is it an opioid agonist or antagonist?
agonist
An opioid antagonist is useful for:
a. blocking a heroin overdose
b. maintaining abstinence from heroin
c. maintaining abstinence from alcohol
a. blocking a heroin overdose
b. maintaining abstinence from heroin
c. maintaining abstinence from alcohol
All successful anti-depressant treatments decrease activity in the ______, but increase activity in the_______.
anterior cingulate cortex
prefrontal cortex
