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Biopsych > Questions that seemed important from all the packets we've ever submitted > Flashcards

Questions that seemed important from all the packets we've ever submitted Flashcards

1
Q

In addition to the prefrontal cortex, the caudate nucleus may have ______ activation in people with ADHD

A

decreased

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2
Q

What effects can methylphenidate have on appetite and sleep?

A

Decrease appetite, Decrease sleep

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3
Q

The _________ helps to regulate responses to situations that trigger fear or aggressive impulses from the amygdala.

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

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4
Q

What kind of early experience may have long-term influences on 5-HIAA in monkeys?

A

Early abuse by neglectful mothers

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5
Q

Thus, there was a 3-way interaction: alcohol, status (dominant or subordinate), and testosterone.

A

Alcohol increased aggression but only when testosterone is high and it increases it more the higher the level of dominance.

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6
Q

How does activation of the HPA axis influence GnRH?

A

Inhibits GnRH access

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7
Q

Thus, how can stress decrease fertility?

A

Stress can decrease fertility through the inhibition of the GnRH access which would lead to a reduction in fertility hormones.

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8
Q

If monkeys (or people) are given CRH (i.e., CRH challenge), glucocorticoid output should

A

increase

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9
Q

Dexamethasone is a drug that is a synthetic form of

A

Cortisol.

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10
Q

In a dexamethasone suppression test, how would CRH change in response to dexamethasone if the HPA axis is NOT dysregulated?

A

CRH would decrease

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11
Q

In response to fear, the sympathetic nervous system may be activated.
What change in heart rate would you expect?

A

increase

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12
Q

What hormone would be secreted from the adrenal medulla?

A

Cortisol

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13
Q

The amygdala is involved in

A

both innate and learned fears

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13
Q

The amygdala is involved in

A

both innate and learned fears

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14
Q

Cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits (CSTC) seem to be involved in OCD and Tourette’s Syndrome. These loops connect the orbitofrontal cortex and the striatum, which is part of the

A

basal ganglia

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15
Q

The striatum includes the

A

caudate nucleus.

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16
Q

Would you expect the benefit of clomipramine or an SSRI to be immediate?

A

Clomipramine

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17
Q

Anxiety disorders involve _______ of the fear network (including the amygdala) and __________ of the prefrontal cortex (PFC).

A

hyperactivation

hypoactivation

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18
Q

D-cycloserine is an indirect agonist for

A

NMDA receptors

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19
Q

Psilocybin is an agonist for the ____ receptor.

A

5HT-2A

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20
Q

Another name for the cell body of a neuron

A

soma

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21
Q

What ions are more concentrated outside of the neuron than inside?

A

sodium and chloride

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22
Q

If there is hyperpolarization, it is an

A

IPSP

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23
Q

If there is depolarization, it is an

A

EPSP

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24
Q

opening of sodium channels (sodium ions enter) on dendrites would lead to what
(sodium ions enter)

A

EPSP

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25
Q

opening chloride channels on dendrites would lead to

chloride ions enter

A

IPSP

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26
Q

Opening potassium channels on dendrites would lead to

potassium ions exit

A

IPSP

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27
Q

The neurotransmitter GABA opens Cl- channels. Therefore, it produces

A

IPSP

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28
Q

Its autoreceptors are alpha2.

A

Norepinephrine

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29
Q

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors respond to

A

acetylcholine

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30
Q

Beta receptors respond to

A

Norepinephrine

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31
Q

Many different types of receptors respond to serotonin.

For example, the _____ receptor contributes to nausea and vomiting.

A

5HT3

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32
Q

drug blocks autoreceptors would be agonist or antagonist?

A

agonist

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33
Q

drug blocks the post-synaptic receptors would be an agonist or antagonist

A

antagonist

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34
Q

The more common type of Ach receptor in the central nervous system is

A

muscarinic

35
Q

Where are the cell bodies of most serotonergic neurons?

A

Ralphe Nuclei

36
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the dopaminergic neurons that send their axons to the basal ganglia? (i.e., the ones that deteriorate in Parkinson’s disease) (LO 4.12, Fig. 4.14) In the figure, instead of saying “basal ganglia” two of the parts (caudate nucleus and putamen) are indicated.

this is also known as the ____ dopamine system

A

Substania nigra

nigrostriatal

37
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the dopaminergic neurons that send axons to the nucleus accumbens and limbic system?

This is also known as the ______ dopamine system.

A

Ventral tegmental

mesolimbic

38
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the dopaminergic neurons that send axons to the prefrontal cortex?

This is the _________ dopamine system

A

Ventral tegmental

mesocortical

39
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the noradrenergic neurons?

A

Locus coeruleus- midbrain

40
Q

Where are the cell bodies of histaminergic neurons?

A

Posterior hypothalamus

41
Q

Cell bodies in the nucleus basalis send axons that release ______ to widespread areas of the cerebral cortex.

A

acetylcholine

42
Q

The two parts of the autonomic nervous system are:

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

43
Q 
For each of the following, choose sympathetic (S) or 
parasympathetic (P):
a.   Directly produces the “flight or flight” response S
b.  Facilitates digestion. P
c.  Produces goosebumps  S
d.  Speeds heartbeat S
e.  Stimulates salivation P
f.   Reduces mucus secretion from nose S
g.  Dilates pupils S
h.  Relaxes bladder P
i.   Stimulates sexual arousal P
j.   Dilates bronchi (lungs) S
k.  Stimulates secretions from adrenal medulla S
A

Just study the list on the front of the card

44
Q

The sympathetic nervous system controls the adrenal ________ which secretes

A

medulla

epinephrine and Norepinephrine

45
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, target organs (except for sweat glands and goosebumps) are activated by

A

Epinephrine

46
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the terminals secrete

A

acetylcholine

47
Q

The receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system are

A

muscarinic

48
Q

The receptors that respond to norepinephrine and epinephrine include post-synaptic beta receptors. Beta agonists produce bronchial

A

dilation

49
Q

Beta agonists __________ heart rate

A

increase

50
Q

Explain why a drug that is a beta blocker would be expected to reduce heart rate.

A

A beta blocker would block or reduce the effects of epinephrine, since epinephrine increases heart rate, reducing it would decrease heart rate.

51
Q

The _______________ nervous system inhibits salivation, nasal secretions, and digestion.

A

sympathetic

52
Q

In the parasympathetic system, ________ receptors are important

A

muscarinic

53
Q

The dentate gyrus is part of the

A

Hippocampus

54
Q

List factors that suppress neurogenesis and/or neuron survival.

A 
Stress
Social Isolation
Depression
Sleep deprivation
Maternal suppression
55
Q

The lateral geniculate is part of the

A

Thalamus

56
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex is in the

A

Parietal lobe.

57
Q

Three opioid receptors are

All may have roles in pain perception and relief, although the most important seems to be

A

mu, delta, and kappa

mu

58
Q

Which of the following are negatively correlated with pain

estrogen testosterone progesterone

A

estrogen testosterone progesterone

59
Q

Which of the following are characteristic of REM sleep?

a. Slow waves
b. Lack of muscle tone
c. Eye movements

A

b. Lack of muscle tone

c. Eye movements

60
Q

What is the name for an external cue that influences the endogenous circadian rhythm?
Name several.

A

zeitgebers

Light
Food intake
Activity level

61
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the neurons that secrete orexin?

A

Lateral hypothalamic area

62
Q

What other neurotransmitters are, in turn, influenced by orexin?

A

Ach, NE, 5-HT, Histamine

63
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters are high during waking but low or decreasing during SWS.

orexin acetylcholine NE 5HT histamine

A

orexin acetylcholine NE 5HT histamine

64
Q

Which neurotransmitter is low during SWS but high during REM?

A

Acetylcholine

65
Q

Which neurotransmitters must be even lower than at the onset of SWS for REM to begin?

A

5-HT, NE

66
Q

Ach, 5HT, NE, and H neurons receive inhibitory input from hypothalamic ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) sleep neurons that secrete the neurotransmitter

A

GABA.

67
Q

What effect does suvorexant have on histamine and NE?

A

.) suvorexant decreases histamine and NE

68
Q

Which of the following are associated more with slow-wave sleep than with REM?

a. bedwetting
b. sleepwalking
c. night terrors (i.e., sleep terrors)

A

a. bedwetting
b. sleepwalking
c. night terrors (i.e., sleep terrors)

69
Q

Pitolisant is an H3 antagonist. Explain why it makes sense that it can increase wakefulness.

A

H3 is a histamine auto receptor, meaning if it is inmpaired, it will increase histamine in the system

70
Q

The NAC is in the _____ striatum

A

Ventral

71
Q

Most substances that produce addiction seem to be addictive at least partially because of release of dopamine in the nucleus

A

Accumbes

72
Q

The dopaminergic cell bodies are in the

This system is called the _____ dopamine system

A

Ventral tegmental area.

mesolimbic

73
Q

Give evidence linking orexin to substance abuse.

A

Orexin plays a role in the reinforcing effects of drugs. By blocking these receptors we can get rid of the craving for drugs and by stimulating them we can induce it.

74
Q

Where in the brain are the glucose detectors?

A

medulla

75
Q

Low glucose contributes to

A

hunger

76
Q

In an emergency, when there is no time to eat, does the pancreas provide insulin or glucagon?

A

The pancreas provides glucagon

77
Q

Another important part of the hypothalamus is the _______, the location of most cell bodies for neurons that secrete neuropeptide Y (NPY).

A

arcuate nucleus

78
Q

What other orexigenic substance is released along with NPY?

A

AGRP

79
Q

In contrast, what effect do CART and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone have on MCH and orexin?

A

Decrease them

80
Q

PYY is released by the small intestine, in response to

A

food intake

81
Q

Leptin, released by fat cells, decreases release of ________ from the arcuate nucleus and increases release of _______

A

NPY and AGRP

CART and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

82
Q

What serotonin receptor may be particularly important for suppressing appetite?

A

5-ht2c receptor

83
Q

Amphetamines and other drugs that resemble them (e.g., phentermine)_________ appetite. One mechanism may be the increase in CART.

A

Suppress

84
Q

Liraglutide, FDA-approved in 2014, and semaglutide, approved in 2021, for weight reduction, are agonists for

A

GLP-1

Biopsych (7 decks)

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