Review: Normal Flora and Disease Processes ----- Disease Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between an infection and a disease?

A

Infection vs. Disease
A person may become infected without becoming diseased
Pathogen is either driven from the host or assumes a benign relationship with the host
Example: HIV infected person that is asymptomatic is infected but not diseased

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2
Q

Is it possible to be infected but have no signs of disease?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What is the difference between a local and systemic infection?

A

Local infection
Infection that is localized to one area of body
Example: Skin abscess like a Boil

Systemic Infection
Infection that spreads from localized area to rest of body
Example: blood poisoning from a skin abscess (Septicemia) spreading infection to internal organs

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4
Q

What is the difference in the amount of people infected between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic disease outbreaks?

A

Endemic: occurs at a low level in a certain geographic area
Epidemic: breaks out in explosive proportions within a population
Pandemic: occurs worldwide

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the three disease states: acute, chronic, and subclinical?

A
Acute Disease
Develops rapidly
Severe symptoms
Rapid onset, short duration
Immunity: usually long lasting
Ex. Strep throat, measles
Chronic Disease
Slowely progressive disease
Long, indeterminable duration
Symptoms exist for months or years
Immune: usually nonexistent, unable to rid body of pathogen
Ex. Tuberculosis, HIV

Subclinical Disease
Symptoms nonexistent or very mild
Disease severity may be controlled by previous exposure to disease
Ex. Hepatitis A

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6
Q

What influences disease progression?

A

Infectious Dose
Generation Time
Host Resistance
Virulence

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7
Q

Define virulence.

A

Means: “full of poison”
Disease producing capacity of bacteria
Ability to injure host tissue
Avirulent: do not cause disease

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8
Q

Define infectious dose.

A

Minimum number of microbes needed to cause infection
Salmonella: 1 million ingested to establish infection
Shigella: 10 – 100 ingested to establish infection

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9
Q

Does Generation time influence course of disease? Why or why not?

A

The time it takes a cell or population of cells to double
Influenced by genetic make-up and environment
Influences Incubation period of disease

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10
Q

List some ways that diseases can be transmitted directly.

A
Direct Mode: (direct contact person to person)
Air droplets: coughing, sneezing
Sexual transmission
Kissing, touching
Fecal contact
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11
Q

List how diseases can be transmitted indirectly.

A

Fomites: inanimate objects, toys, bed linens (serve as a vehicle of transmission)
Food/Water: oral route of transmission
Biological Vector: insect is diseased and transmits infection through a bite
Mechanical Vector: insect carrying disease on legs, wings, body

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12
Q

What are fomites?

A

inanimate objects, toys, bed linens (serve as a vehicle of transmission)

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13
Q

What is the difference between biological and mechanical vectors?

A

Biological Vector: insect is diseased and transmits infection through a bite
Mechanical Vector: insect carrying disease on legs, wings, body

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14
Q

What are the portal of entry sites for human pathogens?

A

Mouth – Cholera (food), Hepatitis B (kissing)
Skin – Malaria (insect), Tetanus (wound), Staph (surgery)
Respiratory Route – Tuberculosis, Pneumonia (air)
Urogenital Tract – Gonorrhea (sex)
Eyes – Staph infection (opportunist)

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15
Q

What is a ligand and its relationship to receptor sites on host tissue?

A

Proteins in cell wall/cell membrane
Pili
Capsular proteins or glycoproteins

Ligand (attachment sites on microbe
and host receptor site must have exact match
(like a key matching with a lock)

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16
Q

What does innate resistant mean?

A

Innate resistance: a natural resistance to a disease

17
Q

What are the five virulence factors discussed in class? Their characteristics? Differences or similarities?

A
Exotoxin
Endotoxin
Enzymes/protiens
Capsule
Pili
18
Q

Do all bacteria survive for an equal amount of time outside the host body?

A

Some bacteria can survive outside host longer than others

19
Q

Infectious diseases follow 6 basic steps from transmission to new host. What are they?

A
  1. Transmission to susceptible host
  2. Attachment of microbe to host target cell
  3. Colonization of Infection
  4. Damage to host
  5. Portal of exit
  6. Find new host
20
Q

Infection Defined

A

Means: to mix with or to corrupt
Organism enters body tissue and multiplies
Refers to relationship between a pathogen and a host
A Competition between host and pathogen
(Term Infection does not refer to normal flora. A person is colonized with normal flora not infected unless flora becomes opportunistic pathogen)

21
Q

Disease Defined

A

Means: living apart
An infection that causes bodily injury
Develops if the host loses the competition with the pathogen