Review: Nonspecific Resistance

Question 1

What is meant be the term Nonspecific as it relates to the human immune system?

Answer 1

First to respond to new antigen (foreign agent)
Not affected by prior exposure to antigen
Does not develop memory
Play a role through resolution of infection and healing tissue

Question 2

Does nonspecific resistant mechanisms create memory in the human body?

Answer 2

No. Does not develop memory

Question 3

Mechanical defenses – List them and how they act as a physical barrier to disease.

Answer 3

Physical barriers to foreign agents

Question 4

Where is the mucociliary escalator located in the human body and how does it work to protect against infectious diseases?

Answer 4

Location: airways of lower respiratory tract
Cells secrete sticky mucus
Cilia(hair-like) structures can move mucus 1 inch/minute

Question 5

What is meant by chemical defenses?

Answer 5

Produced by body cells in response to foreign agents

Non-specific

Question 6

Why is interferon produced by body cells?

Answer 6

Antiviral glycoproteins produced by certain body cells
Nonspecific against all viruses that try to invade body
Produced early, peaks at day 3, diminishes within a week

Question 7

Interferon is produced against what type of infectious agents ?

Answer 7

Non specific against all viruses that try to invade body

Question 8

What is the pH of the human stomach?

Answer 8

pH = 1-2

Question 9

Where can lysozyme enzyme be found and what is its importance?

Answer 9

Location: tears, saliva, sweat, mucus membranes, skin
Destroys peptidoglycan links in bacteria cell wall killing bacteria
More effective against Gram + bacteria

Question 10

Why is phagocytosis considered to be part of the nonspecific immune response?

Answer 10

Certain white blood cells engulf and destroy foreign invader
First line of defense
Occurs within 24 hours of infection

Question 11

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions?

Answer 11

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast Cells
Monocytes
Macrophage (MØ) 
Dendritic Cell
Lymphocytes

Question 12

Which white blood cells are part of the nonspecific immune response? Which are part of the specific immune response?

Answer 12

Specific immune
Dendritic Cell
Lymphocytes

Non specific
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast Cells
Monocytes
Macrophage (MØ)

Question 13

Which white blood cells are phagocytic?

Answer 13

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Macrophage (MØ)
Dendritic Cell

Question 14

Which white blood cell is called the “big eater”?

Answer 14

Macrophage (MØ) 
Enlarged monocyte
Greater phagocytosis
Location: tissue
Phagocytosis of antigen stimulates activation

Question 15

Which WBC is responsive to allergic reactions?

Answer 15

Mast Cells
Originate from bone marrow
(No evidence that Basophils develop into Mast cells)
Found only in tissue: skin, nasal passages, lungs, gut
Release histamine
Inflammatory and allergic reactions

Question 16

Which white blood cell is usually first on the scene in an Inflammatory response?

Answer 16

Neutrophil
60% of WBC’s
 Phagocytic role
 First to respond to antigen
 First to arrive in an inflammatory reaction
 Kill ingested microbes

Question 17

Which white blood cell serves a presenter cell to the specific immune system?

Answer 17

Dendritic Cell
Origin: Monocyte
Location: skin, nose, lungs, stomach, intestines
Function: Phagocytosis of pathogens
Presenter cells to specific immune system

Question 18

Which white blood cell differentiates into either macrophages or dendritic cells?

Answer 18

Monocyte

Question 19

What are the 2 categories of lymphocyte cell?

Answer 19

T – cells

B- cells

Question 20

Complete the supplemental review over the categories of white blood cells.

Answer 20

1

Question 21

What are the four symptoms to an inflammatory response? Review the events of a typical inflammatory response.

Answer 21

1. Rubor: redness
2. Dolor: pain
3. Calor: heat
4. Tumor: swelling

Question 22

Complete the supplemental review for inflammation.

Answer 22

1

Question 23

Define inflammation.

Answer 23

Reaction of irritated and damaged tissue following an injury

Attempt to localize injury, destroy microbes and repair damaged tissue

Question 24

Why is a fever considered to play a role in helping to fight against a pathogen?

Answer 24

1. Elevates body temperature above the optimal growth temperature of pathogen
    Growth rate of bacteria slows
     Host defenses have more time to destroy pathogen
2. Activates body defenses
    enhance inflammatory response
     increase phagocytic activity
     increase production of interferon
     initiate release of WBC

Question 25

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Neutrophil

Answer 25

60% of WBC’s
 Phagocytic role
 First to respond to antigen
 First to arrive in an inflammatory reaction
 Kill ingested microbes

Question 26

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Eosinophil

Answer 26

Involved in allergic reactions
2 – 4% of WBC’s
# elevated in allergies
Possible phagocytic role in combating worm intestinal parasites

Question 27

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Basophil

Answer 27

0.5 – 1% of WBC’s
Circulate in blood
Release histamine
Involved in allergic responses and Inflammation

Question 28

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Mast Cells

Answer 28

Originate from bone marrow
(No evidence that Basophils develop into Mast cells)
Found only in tissue: skin, nasal passages, lungs, gut
Release histamine
Inflammatory and allergic reactions

Question 29

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Monocytes

Answer 29

5 – 8% of WBC’s
Circulate in blood for 1-2 days after leaving bone marrow
Enter tissue to mature into macrophage

Question 30

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Macrophage (MØ)

Answer 30

Enlarged monocyte
Greater phagocytosis
Location: tissue
Phagocytosis of antigen stimulates activation

Question 31

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Dendritic Cell

Answer 31

Origin: Monocyte
Location: skin, nose, lungs, stomach, intestines
Function: Phagocytosis of pathogens
Presenter cells to specific immune system

Question 32

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Lymphocytes

Answer 32

30 – 35% of WBC’s
2 categories
     T – cells
     B- cells
Specific Immune system