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Microbiology Lecture Exam 2 > Review: Nonspecific Resistance > Flashcards

Review: Nonspecific Resistance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant be the term Nonspecific as it relates to the human immune system?

A

First to respond to new antigen (foreign agent)
Not affected by prior exposure to antigen
Does not develop memory
Play a role through resolution of infection and healing tissue

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2
Q

Does nonspecific resistant mechanisms create memory in the human body?

A

No. Does not develop memory

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3
Q

Mechanical defenses – List them and how they act as a physical barrier to disease.

A

Physical barriers to foreign agents

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4
Q

Where is the mucociliary escalator located in the human body and how does it work to protect against infectious diseases?

A

Location: airways of lower respiratory tract
Cells secrete sticky mucus
Cilia(hair-like) structures can move mucus 1 inch/minute

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5
Q

What is meant by chemical defenses?

A

Produced by body cells in response to foreign agents

Non-specific

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6
Q

Why is interferon produced by body cells?

A

Antiviral glycoproteins produced by certain body cells
Nonspecific against all viruses that try to invade body
Produced early, peaks at day 3, diminishes within a week

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7
Q

Interferon is produced against what type of infectious agents ?

A

Non specific against all viruses that try to invade body

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8
Q

What is the pH of the human stomach?

A

pH = 1-2

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9
Q

Where can lysozyme enzyme be found and what is its importance?

A

Location: tears, saliva, sweat, mucus membranes, skin
Destroys peptidoglycan links in bacteria cell wall killing bacteria
More effective against Gram + bacteria

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10
Q

Why is phagocytosis considered to be part of the nonspecific immune response?

A

Certain white blood cells engulf and destroy foreign invader
First line of defense
Occurs within 24 hours of infection

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11
Q

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions?

A 
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast Cells
Monocytes
Macrophage (MØ) 
Dendritic Cell
Lymphocytes
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12
Q

Which white blood cells are part of the nonspecific immune response? Which are part of the specific immune response?

A

Specific immune
Dendritic Cell
Lymphocytes

Non specific
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast Cells
Monocytes
Macrophage (MØ)
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13
Q

Which white blood cells are phagocytic?

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Macrophage (MØ)
Dendritic Cell

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14
Q

Which white blood cell is called the “big eater”?

A 
Macrophage (MØ) 
Enlarged monocyte
Greater phagocytosis
Location: tissue
Phagocytosis of antigen stimulates activation
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15
Q

Which WBC is responsive to allergic reactions?

A

Mast Cells
Originate from bone marrow
(No evidence that Basophils develop into Mast cells)
Found only in tissue: skin, nasal passages, lungs, gut
Release histamine
Inflammatory and allergic reactions

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16
Q

Which white blood cell is usually first on the scene in an Inflammatory response?

A 
Neutrophil
60% of WBC’s
 Phagocytic role
 First to respond to antigen
 First to arrive in an inflammatory reaction
 Kill ingested microbes
17
Q

Which white blood cell serves a presenter cell to the specific immune system?

A

Dendritic Cell
Origin: Monocyte
Location: skin, nose, lungs, stomach, intestines
Function: Phagocytosis of pathogens
Presenter cells to specific immune system

18
Q

Which white blood cell differentiates into either macrophages or dendritic cells?

A

Monocyte

19
Q

What are the 2 categories of lymphocyte cell?

A

T – cells

B- cells

20
Q

Complete the supplemental review over the categories of white blood cells.

A

1

21
Q

What are the four symptoms to an inflammatory response? Review the events of a typical inflammatory response.

A
  1. Rubor: redness
  2. Dolor: pain
  3. Calor: heat
  4. Tumor: swelling
22
Q

Complete the supplemental review for inflammation.

A

1

23
Q

Define inflammation.

A

Reaction of irritated and damaged tissue following an injury

Attempt to localize injury, destroy microbes and repair damaged tissue

24
Q

Why is a fever considered to play a role in helping to fight against a pathogen?

A 
1. Elevates body temperature above the optimal growth temperature of pathogen
    Growth rate of bacteria slows
     Host defenses have more time to destroy pathogen
2. Activates body defenses
    enhance inflammatory response
     increase phagocytic activity
     increase production of interferon
     initiate release of WBC
25
Q

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Neutrophil

A 
60% of WBC’s
 Phagocytic role
 First to respond to antigen
 First to arrive in an inflammatory reaction
 Kill ingested microbes
26
Q

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Eosinophil

A

Involved in allergic reactions
2 – 4% of WBC’s
# elevated in allergies
Possible phagocytic role in combating worm intestinal parasites

27
Q

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Basophil

A

0.5 – 1% of WBC’s
Circulate in blood
Release histamine
Involved in allergic responses and Inflammation

28
Q

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Mast Cells

A

Originate from bone marrow
(No evidence that Basophils develop into Mast cells)
Found only in tissue: skin, nasal passages, lungs, gut
Release histamine
Inflammatory and allergic reactions

29
Q

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Monocytes

A

5 – 8% of WBC’s
Circulate in blood for 1-2 days after leaving bone marrow
Enter tissue to mature into macrophage

30
Q

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Macrophage (MØ)

A

Enlarged monocyte
Greater phagocytosis
Location: tissue
Phagocytosis of antigen stimulates activation

31
Q

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Dendritic Cell

A

Origin: Monocyte
Location: skin, nose, lungs, stomach, intestines
Function: Phagocytosis of pathogens
Presenter cells to specific immune system

32
Q

What are the different groups of white blood cells and their functions? Lymphocytes

A 
30 – 35% of WBC’s
2 categories
     T – cells
     B- cells
Specific Immune system

Microbiology Lecture Exam 2 (11 decks)

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