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Biology 1406 > Review list for Exam 1 > Flashcards

Review list for Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

why study cellular & molecular biology?

A

many biological phenomena are better understood at the cellular & molecular levels

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2
Q

What are the emergent properties of life?

A
  • reproduction
  • growth & development
  • order & structure
  • metabolism
  • respiration
  • response to environmental stimuli
  • adaptation & evolution
  • autonomous movement
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3
Q

What is a model system?

A

a representative organism or a cell type used for conducting simple or complex biological experiments
- easy to grow, manipulate & study

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4
Q

Give an example of a model system.

A
  1. Prokaryotes: unicellular, cells have no nucleus (E. coli, salmonella)
  2. Eukaryotes: uni- & multicellular organisms; cells have a membrane-bound nucleus & organelles
    - plants: corn (Zea mays) & rice (Oryza saliva)
    - fungi: yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisea)
    - animals: fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) & human cell lines (HeLa cells)
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5
Q

What are holistic and reductionist approaches to study life?

A

Holism: studying whole organisms for behavioral, physiological & nutritional studies.

Reductionism: studying multicellular organisms at the cellular level. Cells or tissues are used; not whole organisms.

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6
Q

Differentiate between in vivo and in vitro studies

A

in vivo: experiments used to study physiology, ecology of organisms under living conditions. Can be holistic or reductionist.

in vitro: experiments performed under non-living conditions (test tube). Are strictly reductionist.

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7
Q

What is biological hierarchy?

A

Atoms –> molecules –> macromolecules –> parts of cell –> cell –> tissue –> organ –> organ system –> multicellular organisms –> population –> community –> ecosystem –> biomes –> biosphere

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8
Q

Name the 3 Domains

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archaea
  3. eukarya
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9
Q

What are the 4 Kingdoms of the domain, Eukarya?

A
  1. protista
  2. fungi
  3. plantae
  4. animalia
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10
Q

mass number

A

protons + neutrons

  • upper left of element’s symbol
  • also is ATOMIC MASS
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11
Q

atomic number

A

of protons in each element

  • unique to that element
  • same # of electrons
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12
Q

what are the 3 major particles of atom?

A 
protons = 1 Dalton, positive charge
neutrons = 1 Dalton, neutral charge
electrons = negligible, negative charge
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13
Q

molecular weight

A
  • sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule

EX. NaOH = 23 (Na) + 16 (O) + 1 (H) = 40 Da

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14
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

electrons in the outermost orbit, which interact with other atoms

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15
Q

What is the valence of: C

A

4

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16
Q

What is the valence of: O

A

2

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17
Q

What is the valence of: N

A

3

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18
Q

What is the valence of: H

A

1

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19
Q

What is the valence of: Na

A

7

- atomic # = 11

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20
Q

What is the valence of: Cl

A

1

- atomic # = 17

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21
Q

What is the valence of: P

A

3

- atomic # = 15

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22
Q

covalent bond

A

2 atoms share a pair of electrons

polar: H2O
nonpolar: O2, H2

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23
Q

ionic bond

A

steals electrons from another atom / NaCl

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24
Q

H bonds

A

when H+ (already attached covalently to another electronegative molecule) is attracted to another H+ attached to another molecule. EX. Water molecules are attracted to each other
- stronger than van der Waals & hydrophilic interactions

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25
Q

Van der Waals

A

weak forces;

ex. gecko on wall

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26
Q

hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions

A

-philic = polar
- phobic = nonpolar
Ex. - phobic = phospholipids in cell membranes on inside
- philic = on outside

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27
Q

What is the relation between properties of water and H bonding?

A

one of the properties of water is its cohesiveness, which is due to the constant forming and breaking of H bonds.

28
Q

properties of water

A
  • cohesiveness
  • adhesiveness
  • high specific heat
  • high heat of vaporization
  • freezing and expansion
  • versatile solvent
  • medium for biochemical reactions
  • **- ingredient of many biochemical reactions
29
Q

How do the properties of water help support life on earth?

A

It’s a medium and a reactant for biochemical reactions

30
Q

define pH

A

measure of [H+}
range is 1-14
1 = highest [H+] = acidic
14 = lowest [H+] = base

31
Q

define Kw

A

water constant

Kw = [H+] x [OH-] = 10-14

32
Q

define pK

A

the pH at which the ratio of the acid form of a compound to the base form is one
- the buffer has the greatest capacity of maintain the pH of a solution around its pK value

33
Q

what are acids, bases and buffers?

A 
acid = proton donor = increases the [H+]
base = proton acceptor or {OH-} donor = decreases [H+]
buffer = minimizes pH changes by accepting excess H+ or donating H+ / most are weak acids or weak bases
34
Q

Give example of a buffer

A

carbonic acid / bicarbonate ion
H2CO3 ==> HCO3- + H+

NH3 ==> NH2 + H+

35
Q

what are the different types of isomers?

A
  1. structural - C5H12
  2. geometric - due to double bonds (cis or trans)
  3. optical - asymmetrical carbon
36
Q

what are isomers?

A

compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of same elements, but different structures, so different properties

37
Q

functional groups

A 
hydroxyl    - polar
carbonyl    - 
carboxyl     - polar
methyl        - nonpolar
sulfhydryl   - nonpolar
amine
phosphate  - polar
38
Q

define monomer

A

single unit of the biological molecules

  1. carbohydrates - monosaccharide
  2. lipids - fatty acids / glycerol
  3. proteins - amino acids
  4. nucleic acids - nucleotides
39
Q

define polymer

A

when two or more monomers are joined

40
Q

define macromolecules

A

a molecule containing a large number of atoms

41
Q

what reaction happens in condensation (or dehydration) synthesis?

A
  • two monomers are joined, usually monosaccharides

- result is a dimer and an H2O molecule

42
Q

what reaction happens in hydrolysis?

A
  • breaks apart a linkage using a H2O molecule

- results in 2 molecules and loss of a H2O molecule

43
Q

how are carbohydrates categorized?

A

storage: starch in plants, glycogen in animals (alpha 1,4)
structural: cellulose in plants, chitin in animals (not humans) (beta-1,4)

44
Q

carbohydrate structure

A

monosaccharide - monomer
linear structure: 3-7 C, contains -OH, H+ on every C, except one that has -C=O (carbonyl)

ring: 5-7 C connecting -C=O with a -OH group

45
Q

what type of bond do carbohydrate molecules make?

A

glycosidic bonds

46
Q

what atoms make up carbohydrates?

A

C, H, O

47
Q

what atoms make up: proteins

A

C, H, O, N, S

48
Q

what atoms make up: nucleic acids

A

C, H, O, N, P

49
Q

what atoms make up: lipids

A

C, H, O, P

50
Q

Examples of carbohydrates:

A

monosaccharide: glucose
disaccharide: sucrose
polysaccharide: cellulose = structural / starch = storage

51
Q

what are the properties of sugar and its functions?

A

have a ratio of C-H2-O (1-2-1)
Functions:
1. a major source of energy for cells (e.g. glucose & fructose)
2. energy stored in sugars is harvested by cells thru respiration
3. carbon skeletons are used for making other molecules

52
Q

what are examples and properties of polysaccharide with:

  1. alpha-1,4 linkages
  2. beta-1,4 linkages?
A
  1. -OH attaches below the ring & is a starch or glycogen (used for storage)
  2. -OH attaches above the ring & is a structural polysaccharide (used for cell walls and exoskeletons)
53
Q

What are the three different kinds of lipids and their functions?

A
  1. fats - glycerol w/1, 2 or 3 fatty acids attached (energy
  2. phospholipids - has 2 fatty acids, 3rd -OH is attached to a phosphate group (negative charge); make up cell membranes
  3. steroids/carotenoids - carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings (hormones, cholesterol)
54
Q

ester linkage

A

bond between a glycerol and fatty acid (a bond between a hydroxyl group & a carboxyl group.

55
Q

Function of lipids

A
  • energy dense
  • insulation
  • structure - membrane
  • hormones
  • pigments (carotenoids)
56
Q

lipids - what elements?

A

C, H, O, and P

57
Q

what are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats in structure and function?

A

saturated: all C have 2 H (solid at room temp)
unsaturated: at least one double bond between two C (liquid at room temp)

58
Q

describe the 3-D structure of proteins and the bonds that are important at various levels of 3-D structure.

A
  1. primary - amino acid sequence
  2. secondary - H bonding between -C=O and -NH in the backbone - either alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
  3. tertiary - interaction between side chains; R groups can can form covalent (-S-S), ionic (+*-), or H-bonds (=O…H-)
  4. quaternary - interaction between 2 proteins w/in a complex protein (hemoglobin)

All proteins have 1,2,and3, but only complex proteins have 4.

59
Q

what happens if a protein or DNA is exposed to increasing temperature or pH?

A

the protein will lose its shape and become denatured. When denatured, it is biologically inactive.

60
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA in terms of their composition, structure and function?

A

composition - DNA has deoxyribose; RNA has ribose

structure - 1. primary structure of both is a base sequence
2. secondary structure of DNA is a double helix and RNA is a single strand

function - DNA contains all the genetic material; RNA replicates the genetic material

61
Q

purines

A

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

62
Q

pyrimidines

A

Cytosine ©
Thymine (T) in DNA
Uracil (U) in RNA

63
Q

flow of genetic information

A

DNA –> RNA –> proteins

64
Q

nucleic acid monomer

A

nucleotide = nucleoside + phosphate
-> nucleoside = nitrogenous base + sugar

DNA has deoxyribose
RNA has ribose

65
Q

function of nucleic acids

A
  • genetic material
  • energy molecule (ATP)
  • cell communication
  • reactions as co-enzymes
66
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

bond made between nucleic acids

  • # 3 carbon (3’) combines with #5 Carbon (5’)
  • condensation reaction

Biology 1406 (14 decks)

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