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Biology 1406 > Review list for Exam 1 > Flashcards

Review list for Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

why study cellular & molecular biology?

A

many biological phenomena are better understood at the cellular & molecular levels

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2
Q

What are the emergent properties of life?

A
  • reproduction
  • growth & development
  • order & structure
  • metabolism
  • respiration
  • response to environmental stimuli
  • adaptation & evolution
  • autonomous movement
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3
Q

What is a model system?

A

a representative organism or a cell type used for conducting simple or complex biological experiments
- easy to grow, manipulate & study

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4
Q

Give an example of a model system.

A
  1. Prokaryotes: unicellular, cells have no nucleus (E. coli, salmonella)
  2. Eukaryotes: uni- & multicellular organisms; cells have a membrane-bound nucleus & organelles
    - plants: corn (Zea mays) & rice (Oryza saliva)
    - fungi: yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisea)
    - animals: fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) & human cell lines (HeLa cells)
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5
Q

What are holistic and reductionist approaches to study life?

A

Holism: studying whole organisms for behavioral, physiological & nutritional studies.

Reductionism: studying multicellular organisms at the cellular level. Cells or tissues are used; not whole organisms.

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6
Q

Differentiate between in vivo and in vitro studies

A

in vivo: experiments used to study physiology, ecology of organisms under living conditions. Can be holistic or reductionist.

in vitro: experiments performed under non-living conditions (test tube). Are strictly reductionist.

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7
Q

What is biological hierarchy?

A

Atoms –> molecules –> macromolecules –> parts of cell –> cell –> tissue –> organ –> organ system –> multicellular organisms –> population –> community –> ecosystem –> biomes –> biosphere

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8
Q

Name the 3 Domains

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archaea
  3. eukarya
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9
Q

What are the 4 Kingdoms of the domain, Eukarya?

A
  1. protista
  2. fungi
  3. plantae
  4. animalia
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10
Q

mass number

A

protons + neutrons

  • upper left of element’s symbol
  • also is ATOMIC MASS
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11
Q

atomic number

A

of protons in each element

  • unique to that element
  • same # of electrons
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12
Q

what are the 3 major particles of atom?

A 
protons = 1 Dalton, positive charge
neutrons = 1 Dalton, neutral charge
electrons = negligible, negative charge
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13
Q

molecular weight

A
  • sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule

EX. NaOH = 23 (Na) + 16 (O) + 1 (H) = 40 Da

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14
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

electrons in the outermost orbit, which interact with other atoms

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15
Q

What is the valence of: C

A

4

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16
Q

What is the valence of: O

A

2

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17
Q

What is the valence of: N

A

3

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18
Q

What is the valence of: H

A

1

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19
Q

What is the valence of: Na

A

7

- atomic # = 11

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20
Q

What is the valence of: Cl

A

1

- atomic # = 17

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21
Q

What is the valence of: P

A

3

- atomic # = 15

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22
Q

covalent bond

A

2 atoms share a pair of electrons

polar: H2O
nonpolar: O2, H2

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23
Q

ionic bond

A

steals electrons from another atom / NaCl

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24
Q

H bonds

A

when H+ (already attached covalently to another electronegative molecule) is attracted to another H+ attached to another molecule. EX. Water molecules are attracted to each other
- stronger than van der Waals & hydrophilic interactions

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25
Van der Waals
weak forces; | ex. gecko on wall
26
hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions
-philic = polar - phobic = nonpolar Ex. - phobic = phospholipids in cell membranes on inside - philic = on outside
27
What is the relation between properties of water and H bonding?
one of the properties of water is its cohesiveness, which is due to the constant forming and breaking of H bonds.
28
properties of water
- cohesiveness - adhesiveness - high specific heat - high heat of vaporization - freezing and expansion - versatile solvent - medium for biochemical reactions * **- ingredient of many biochemical reactions
29
How do the properties of water help support life on earth?
It's a medium and a reactant for biochemical reactions
30
define pH
measure of [H+} range is 1-14 1 = highest [H+] = acidic 14 = lowest [H+] = base
31
define Kw
water constant | Kw = [H+] x [OH-] = 10-14
32
define pK
the pH at which the ratio of the acid form of a compound to the base form is one - the buffer has the greatest capacity of maintain the pH of a solution around its pK value
33
what are acids, bases and buffers?
``` acid = proton donor = increases the [H+] base = proton acceptor or {OH-} donor = decreases [H+] buffer = minimizes pH changes by accepting excess H+ or donating H+ / most are weak acids or weak bases ```
34
Give example of a buffer
carbonic acid / bicarbonate ion H2CO3 ==> HCO3- + H+ NH3 ==> NH2 + H+
35
what are the different types of isomers?
1. structural - C5H12 2. geometric - due to double bonds (cis or trans) 3. optical - asymmetrical carbon
36
what are isomers?
compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of same elements, but different structures, so different properties
37
functional groups
``` hydroxyl - polar carbonyl - carboxyl - polar methyl - nonpolar sulfhydryl - nonpolar amine phosphate - polar ```
38
define monomer
single unit of the biological molecules 1. carbohydrates - monosaccharide 2. lipids - fatty acids / glycerol 3. proteins - amino acids 4. nucleic acids - nucleotides
39
define polymer
when two or more monomers are joined
40
define macromolecules
a molecule containing a large number of atoms
41
what reaction happens in condensation (or dehydration) synthesis?
- two monomers are joined, usually monosaccharides | - result is a dimer and an H2O molecule
42
what reaction happens in hydrolysis?
- breaks apart a linkage using a H2O molecule | - results in 2 molecules and loss of a H2O molecule
43
how are carbohydrates categorized?
storage: starch in plants, glycogen in animals (alpha 1,4) structural: cellulose in plants, chitin in animals (not humans) (beta-1,4)
44
carbohydrate structure
monosaccharide - monomer linear structure: 3-7 C, contains -OH, H+ on every C, except one that has -C=O (carbonyl) ring: 5-7 C connecting -C=O with a -OH group
45
what type of bond do carbohydrate molecules make?
glycosidic bonds
46
what atoms make up carbohydrates?
C, H, O
47
what atoms make up: proteins
C, H, O, N, S
48
what atoms make up: nucleic acids
C, H, O, N, P
49
what atoms make up: lipids
C, H, O, P
50
Examples of carbohydrates:
monosaccharide: glucose disaccharide: sucrose polysaccharide: cellulose = structural / starch = storage
51
what are the properties of sugar and its functions?
have a ratio of C-H2-O (1-2-1) Functions: 1. a major source of energy for cells (e.g. glucose & fructose) 2. energy stored in sugars is harvested by cells thru respiration 3. carbon skeletons are used for making other molecules
52
what are examples and properties of polysaccharide with: 1. alpha-1,4 linkages 2. beta-1,4 linkages?
1. -OH attaches below the ring & is a starch or glycogen (used for storage) 2. -OH attaches above the ring & is a structural polysaccharide (used for cell walls and exoskeletons)
53
What are the three different kinds of lipids and their functions?
1. fats - glycerol w/1, 2 or 3 fatty acids attached (energy 2. phospholipids - has 2 fatty acids, 3rd -OH is attached to a phosphate group (negative charge); make up cell membranes 3. steroids/carotenoids - carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings (hormones, cholesterol)
54
ester linkage
bond between a glycerol and fatty acid (a bond between a hydroxyl group & a carboxyl group.
55
Function of lipids
- energy dense - insulation - structure - membrane - hormones - pigments (carotenoids)
56
lipids - what elements?
C, H, O, and P
57
what are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats in structure and function?
saturated: all C have 2 H (solid at room temp) unsaturated: at least one double bond between two C (liquid at room temp)
58
describe the 3-D structure of proteins and the bonds that are important at various levels of 3-D structure.
1. primary - amino acid sequence 2. secondary - H bonding between -C=O and -NH in the backbone - either alpha helix or beta pleated sheet 3. tertiary - interaction between side chains; R groups can can form covalent (-S-S), ionic (+*-), or H-bonds (=O…H-) 4. quaternary - interaction between 2 proteins w/in a complex protein (hemoglobin) All proteins have 1,2,and3, but only complex proteins have 4.
59
what happens if a protein or DNA is exposed to increasing temperature or pH?
the protein will lose its shape and become denatured. When denatured, it is biologically inactive.
60
What are the differences between DNA and RNA in terms of their composition, structure and function?
composition - DNA has deoxyribose; RNA has ribose structure - 1. primary structure of both is a base sequence 2. secondary structure of DNA is a double helix and RNA is a single strand function - DNA contains all the genetic material; RNA replicates the genetic material
61
purines
Adenine (A) | Guanine (G)
62
pyrimidines
Cytosine © Thymine (T) in DNA Uracil (U) in RNA
63
flow of genetic information
DNA --> RNA --> proteins
64
nucleic acid monomer
nucleotide = nucleoside + phosphate -> nucleoside = nitrogenous base + sugar DNA has deoxyribose RNA has ribose
65
function of nucleic acids
- genetic material - energy molecule (ATP) - cell communication - reactions as co-enzymes
66
phosphodiester bond
bond made between nucleic acids - #3 carbon (3') combines with #5 Carbon (5') - condensation reaction

Biology 1406 (14 decks)

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