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Brain and Behavior Exam 1 > Review Deck > Flashcards

Review Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the red nucleus? what part of brainstem?

A

midbrain

cerebellar motor control

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2
Q

What is in the tectum of midbrain?

A

quadreminal plate –> superior and inferior colliculi

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3
Q

What separates the tectum from tegmentum?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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4
Q

What 2 cranial nerve nuclei in midbrain?

A

CN III and IV

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5
Q

what cranial nerve nuclei in pons?

A

CN V, VI, VII, VIII

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6
Q

What cranial nerve nuclei in medulla?

A

IX, X, XII

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7
Q

What is edinger wetphal nucleus?

A
  • nucleus for CN III
  • in midbrain
  • responsible for pupil contraction, ciliary body
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8
Q

What is solitary nucleus?

A
  • Sensor, cardiorespiratory [baroreceptors] and taste

- CN VII, IX, X

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9
Q

What is nucleus ambiguous?

A
  • Motor, responsible for swallowing

- CN IX, X

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10
Q

WHere is nucleus of CN IX?

A

spinal cord

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11
Q

What is basal plate vs alar plate?

A

Lateral nuclei = sensory = aLar plate

Medial nuclei = Motor = basal plate

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12
Q

Where is 4th ventricle with respect to quadrigeminal plate?

A

inferior to it

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13
Q

Which 3 CNs lie medial at the brainstem?

A

3, 6, 12

3x2 = 6x2 = 12

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14
Q

What happens in CN V motor nerve lesion?

A

jaw deviates toward side of lesion

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15
Q

What happens in CN X nerve lesion?

A

uvula deviates away from side of lesion

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16
Q

What happens in CN XI lesion?

A

weakness turning head to contralateral side, shoulder droop on same side as lesion

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17
Q

What happens in CN XII lower lesion?

A

tongue toward side of lesion “lick your wound”

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18
Q

What happens in facial upper motor neuron lesion?

A

lower face: contralateral paralysis

upper: spared due to bilateral UMN innervation

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19
Q

What happens in facial lower motor neuron lesion?

A

ipsilateral paralysis of both upper AND lower face

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20
Q

What happens in facial nerve palsy?

A
  • complete destruction of facial nucleus
  • ipsilateral facial paralysis, can’t close eye on involved side

“bell’s palsy”

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21
Q

What type of astrocytes in grey vs white matter?

A 
grey = protoplasmic
white = fibrous
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22
Q

What are the 3 types of glutamate receptors we talked about?

A

AMPA: ionotropic, Na/Ca

NMDA: ionotropic, Na/Ca, blocked by Mg/alcohol/PCP, need glycine co-activation

mGluR1-8: metabotropic, autoreceptor

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23
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens [2 functions]?

A
  • site of GABA synthesis in brain
  • innervated by mesolimbic dopamine pathway for emotion/reward
  • in basal forebrain/ganglia rostral to hypothalamus
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24
Q

What are 2 types of GABA receptors

A

GABA-A: ionotropic, Cl-, increased by hypnotics, decreased by convulsants, rapid

GABA-B: metabotropic, modulatory, autoreceptor

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25
Q

What is the major glycine receptor?

A

strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor: ionotropic, Cl-

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26
Q

What is function of glycine in brain?

A
  • co-agonist for NMDA glutamate receptor

thus modulates glutamate transmission in brain

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27
Q

What are 3 major sites of dopamine synthesis?

A
  • arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
  • substantia nigra of midbrain
  • ventral tegmental area [VTA] of midbrain
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28
Q

What is substantia nigra?

A
  • part of basal ganglia of midbrain
  • site of dopamine synthesis
  • start of nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway that innervates striatum
29
Q

What is ventral tegmental area?

A
  • ventral part of tegmentum of midbrain
  • site of dopamine synthesis
  • start of mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway that innervates nucleus accumbens [for reward/emotion]
30
Q

What is arcuate nucleus?

A
  • part of tubular region of hypothalamus
  • site of dopamine synthesis
  • start of tuberoinfundibular pathway that innervates AP [to inhibit prolactin secretion]
31
Q

What two structures make up the striatum?

A
  • putamen and caudate nucleus
32
Q

What two structures make up the lenticular nucleus?

A
  • putamen and globus pallidus
33
Q

What is function of dopamine nigrostriatal path?

A

extrapyramidal motor function

34
Q

What is function of mesocorticolimbic path?

A

regulation emotions, reward, cognition

35
Q

What is function of tuberoinfundibular path?

A
  • inhibit prolactin secretion from pituitary
36
Q

What type of drugs are D2 receptor antagonists?

A

antipsychotics

37
Q

What type of drugs promote dopamine by inhibiting uptake or stimulating release?

A
  • psychostimulants –> cocaine, meth
38
Q

What are two paths for parkinsons drug treatment?

A
  • give L-DOPA

- D2 agonists

39
Q

What are the two major types of dopamine receptors?

A
  • both GPCRS
    D1: coupled to Gs
    D2: coupled to Gi, autoreceptor, target of parkinsons, antipsychotics
40
Q

Where is norepinephrine synthesized?

A

locus ceruleas in pons

41
Q

What is important about locus ceruleas?

A
  • in pons

- site of norepinephrine synthesis

42
Q

What are the 3 types of NE receptors?

A
  • all GPCRS
    B: coupled to Gs
    a1: coupled to Gq
    a2: coupled to Gi, autoreceptor
43
Q

What is function of NE in brain?

A
  • vigilance and attention
  • central control over SNS
  • regulate stress response + emotion
44
Q

What are 2 actions of antidepressant drugs on NE transmission?

A
  • inhibit NE reuptake

- inhibit MAO [degradation]

45
Q

Where is serotonin synthesized?

A
  • raphe nucleus in pons/medulla/midbrain [most important is dorsal raphe in midbrain]
46
Q

What are the 4 types of 5HT receptors we talked about?

A

5HT1: coupled to Gi, autoreceptors
5HT2: coupled to Gq
5HT3: ligand-gated
5HT4-7: coupled to Gs

47
Q

Which 5HT receptor is auto?

A

5HT1

48
Q

Which NE receptor is auto?

A

a2

49
Q

Which dopamine receptor is auto?

A

D2

50
Q

Which glutamate receptor is auto?

A

mGluR1-8 [GPCR]

51
Q

Which GABA receptor is auto?

A

GABA-B

52
Q

What 2 types of drugs affect 5HT2A receptors?

A

antipsychotics block 5HT2A

hallucinogens are 5HT2A agonists

53
Q

What drugs affect 5HT1D?

A

antimigraine drugs are agonists

54
Q

Where is acetylcholine synthesized?

A
  • brainstem nuclei [dorsolateral tegmuntum] in ponds

- basal forebrain nuclei [nuclei of meynert, septal nuclei]

55
Q

Where do ACh brainstem nuclei project? function?

A
  • project widely

- important for sleep

56
Q

Where do ACh basal forebrain nuclei project?? function?

A
  • project to hippocampus

- important for cognition

57
Q

What is function of ACh in brain?

A
  • cognition
  • regulate sleep-wake cycles
  • modulate striatal motor function

plus NMJ nicotinic receptors

58
Q

What are the two types of ACh receptors?

A

nicotinic: ionotropic
muscarninic: metabotropic, autoreceptor

59
Q

Which ACh receptor is auto?

A

muscarinic

60
Q

Where is histamine synthesized?

A

tuberomammilary nucleus in hypothalamus

61
Q

What are the 3 types of histamine receptors?

A

H1: metabotropic, major in brain
H2: metabotropic, inhibits stomach acid
H3: autoreceptor in brain

62
Q

Which histamine receptor is auto?

A

H3

63
Q

Where is orexin synthesized?

A

in lateral hypothalamus

64
Q

Where do orexinergic neurons project?

A
  • tuberomammilary nucleus in hypo [site of histamine synthesis]
  • brainstem nuclei [sites of ACh/MOA synthesis]
65
Q

difference myasthenia gravis vs lambert eaton?

A

myasthenia: auto against postsynaptic nicotinic receptor, worse with muscle use, treat with ACHesterase inhibitor
lambert: auto against presynaptic Ca channels at NMJ, improves with muscle use

66
Q

Does bigger or smaller diameter axon have faster conduction?

A

bigger

67
Q

dandy walker?

A

hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis, cystic 4th ventricle, lsuchka/magendie don’t open, congenital hydrocephalus

associated wtih vit a toxicity

68
Q

chiari 2?

A
  • obstructive
  • medulla and cerebellar tonsils herniate down
    associated with meningiomyelocele
69
Q

anencephaly vs encephalocele vs meningomyelocele?

A

anencephaly: complete failure anterior closure, absence brain formation, brainstem functions ok, before day 24
encephalocele: restricted failure anterior closure, mengingeal +/- cortical tissue herniate past bony opening
meningomyelocele: restricted fialure posterior, due to malnutrition, fetal alcohol, DM, can have chiari II, hydrocephalus, paralysis

Brain and Behavior Exam 1 (15 decks)

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