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Brain and Behavior Exam 1 > Review Deck > Flashcards

Review Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the red nucleus? what part of brainstem?

A

midbrain

cerebellar motor control

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2
Q

What is in the tectum of midbrain?

A

quadreminal plate –> superior and inferior colliculi

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3
Q

What separates the tectum from tegmentum?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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4
Q

What 2 cranial nerve nuclei in midbrain?

A

CN III and IV

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5
Q

what cranial nerve nuclei in pons?

A

CN V, VI, VII, VIII

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6
Q

What cranial nerve nuclei in medulla?

A

IX, X, XII

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7
Q

What is edinger wetphal nucleus?

A
  • nucleus for CN III
  • in midbrain
  • responsible for pupil contraction, ciliary body
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8
Q

What is solitary nucleus?

A
  • Sensor, cardiorespiratory [baroreceptors] and taste

- CN VII, IX, X

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9
Q

What is nucleus ambiguous?

A
  • Motor, responsible for swallowing

- CN IX, X

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10
Q

WHere is nucleus of CN IX?

A

spinal cord

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11
Q

What is basal plate vs alar plate?

A

Lateral nuclei = sensory = aLar plate

Medial nuclei = Motor = basal plate

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12
Q

Where is 4th ventricle with respect to quadrigeminal plate?

A

inferior to it

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13
Q

Which 3 CNs lie medial at the brainstem?

A

3, 6, 12

3x2 = 6x2 = 12

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14
Q

What happens in CN V motor nerve lesion?

A

jaw deviates toward side of lesion

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15
Q

What happens in CN X nerve lesion?

A

uvula deviates away from side of lesion

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16
Q

What happens in CN XI lesion?

A

weakness turning head to contralateral side, shoulder droop on same side as lesion

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17
Q

What happens in CN XII lower lesion?

A

tongue toward side of lesion “lick your wound”

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18
Q

What happens in facial upper motor neuron lesion?

A

lower face: contralateral paralysis

upper: spared due to bilateral UMN innervation

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19
Q

What happens in facial lower motor neuron lesion?

A

ipsilateral paralysis of both upper AND lower face

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20
Q

What happens in facial nerve palsy?

A
  • complete destruction of facial nucleus
  • ipsilateral facial paralysis, can’t close eye on involved side

“bell’s palsy”

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21
Q

What type of astrocytes in grey vs white matter?

A 
grey = protoplasmic
white = fibrous
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22
Q

What are the 3 types of glutamate receptors we talked about?

A

AMPA: ionotropic, Na/Ca

NMDA: ionotropic, Na/Ca, blocked by Mg/alcohol/PCP, need glycine co-activation

mGluR1-8: metabotropic, autoreceptor

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23
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens [2 functions]?

A
  • site of GABA synthesis in brain
  • innervated by mesolimbic dopamine pathway for emotion/reward
  • in basal forebrain/ganglia rostral to hypothalamus
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24
Q

What are 2 types of GABA receptors

A

GABA-A: ionotropic, Cl-, increased by hypnotics, decreased by convulsants, rapid

GABA-B: metabotropic, modulatory, autoreceptor

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25
What is the major glycine receptor?
strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor: ionotropic, Cl-
26
What is function of glycine in brain?
- co-agonist for NMDA glutamate receptor | thus modulates glutamate transmission in brain
27
What are 3 major sites of dopamine synthesis?
- arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus - substantia nigra of midbrain - ventral tegmental area [VTA] of midbrain
28
What is substantia nigra?
- part of basal ganglia of midbrain - site of dopamine synthesis - start of nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway that innervates striatum
29
What is ventral tegmental area?
- ventral part of tegmentum of midbrain - site of dopamine synthesis - start of mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway that innervates nucleus accumbens [for reward/emotion]
30
What is arcuate nucleus?
- part of tubular region of hypothalamus - site of dopamine synthesis - start of tuberoinfundibular pathway that innervates AP [to inhibit prolactin secretion]
31
What two structures make up the striatum?
- putamen and caudate nucleus
32
What two structures make up the lenticular nucleus?
- putamen and globus pallidus
33
What is function of dopamine nigrostriatal path?
extrapyramidal motor function
34
What is function of mesocorticolimbic path?
regulation emotions, reward, cognition
35
What is function of tuberoinfundibular path?
- inhibit prolactin secretion from pituitary
36
What type of drugs are D2 receptor antagonists?
antipsychotics
37
What type of drugs promote dopamine by inhibiting uptake or stimulating release?
- psychostimulants --> cocaine, meth
38
What are two paths for parkinsons drug treatment?
- give L-DOPA | - D2 agonists
39
What are the two major types of dopamine receptors?
- both GPCRS D1: coupled to Gs D2: coupled to Gi, autoreceptor, target of parkinsons, antipsychotics
40
Where is norepinephrine synthesized?
locus ceruleas in pons
41
What is important about locus ceruleas?
- in pons | - site of norepinephrine synthesis
42
What are the 3 types of NE receptors?
- all GPCRS B: coupled to Gs a1: coupled to Gq a2: coupled to Gi, autoreceptor
43
What is function of NE in brain?
- vigilance and attention - central control over SNS - regulate stress response + emotion
44
What are 2 actions of antidepressant drugs on NE transmission?
- inhibit NE reuptake | - inhibit MAO [degradation]
45
Where is serotonin synthesized?
- raphe nucleus in pons/medulla/midbrain [most important is dorsal raphe in midbrain]
46
What are the 4 types of 5HT receptors we talked about?
5HT1: coupled to Gi, autoreceptors 5HT2: coupled to Gq 5HT3: ligand-gated 5HT4-7: coupled to Gs
47
Which 5HT receptor is auto?
5HT1
48
Which NE receptor is auto?
a2
49
Which dopamine receptor is auto?
D2
50
Which glutamate receptor is auto?
mGluR1-8 [GPCR]
51
Which GABA receptor is auto?
GABA-B
52
What 2 types of drugs affect 5HT2A receptors?
antipsychotics block 5HT2A | hallucinogens are 5HT2A agonists
53
What drugs affect 5HT1D?
antimigraine drugs are agonists
54
Where is acetylcholine synthesized?
- brainstem nuclei [dorsolateral tegmuntum] in ponds | - basal forebrain nuclei [nuclei of meynert, septal nuclei]
55
Where do ACh brainstem nuclei project? function?
- project widely | - important for sleep
56
Where do ACh basal forebrain nuclei project?? function?
- project to hippocampus | - important for cognition
57
What is function of ACh in brain?
- cognition - regulate sleep-wake cycles - modulate striatal motor function plus NMJ nicotinic receptors
58
What are the two types of ACh receptors?
nicotinic: ionotropic muscarninic: metabotropic, autoreceptor
59
Which ACh receptor is auto?
muscarinic
60
Where is histamine synthesized?
tuberomammilary nucleus in hypothalamus
61
What are the 3 types of histamine receptors?
H1: metabotropic, major in brain H2: metabotropic, inhibits stomach acid H3: autoreceptor in brain
62
Which histamine receptor is auto?
H3
63
Where is orexin synthesized?
in lateral hypothalamus
64
Where do orexinergic neurons project?
- tuberomammilary nucleus in hypo [site of histamine synthesis] - brainstem nuclei [sites of ACh/MOA synthesis]
65
difference myasthenia gravis vs lambert eaton?
myasthenia: auto against postsynaptic nicotinic receptor, worse with muscle use, treat with ACHesterase inhibitor lambert: auto against presynaptic Ca channels at NMJ, improves with muscle use
66
Does bigger or smaller diameter axon have faster conduction?
bigger
67
dandy walker?
hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis, cystic 4th ventricle, lsuchka/magendie don't open, congenital hydrocephalus associated wtih vit a toxicity
68
chiari 2?
- obstructive - medulla and cerebellar tonsils herniate down associated with meningiomyelocele
69
anencephaly vs encephalocele vs meningomyelocele?
anencephaly: complete failure anterior closure, absence brain formation, brainstem functions ok, before day 24 encephalocele: restricted failure anterior closure, mengingeal +/- cortical tissue herniate past bony opening meningomyelocele: restricted fialure posterior, due to malnutrition, fetal alcohol, DM, can have chiari II, hydrocephalus, paralysis

Brain and Behavior Exam 1 (15 decks)

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