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Brain and Behavior Exam 1 > Lec 5 Intro to Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lec 5 Intro to Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is afferent vs efferent?

A 
afferent = input
efferent = output
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2
Q

What are the 4 planes of section/imaging?

A
  • horizontal/axial
  • coronal/frontal
  • sagittal
  • all others are “oblique”
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3
Q

What are the 8 bones of the cranium?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal (2)
  • occipital
  • temporal (2)
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
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4
Q

What are the 4 unpaired cranial bones?

A
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • shepnoid
  • ethmoid
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5
Q

What are the 2 paired cranial bones?

A
  • parietal

- temporal

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6
Q

What are sutures?

A
  • tight joints between bones, fized by fibrous membranes
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7
Q

What are the 4 most prominent sutures?

A
  1. coronal
  2. lambdoid
  3. sagittal
  4. parieto-temporal (squamosal)
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8
Q

Where does the coronal suture join?

A

the two parietal bones with the frontal bone

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9
Q

What does the lambdoid suture join?

A

the two parietal bones with the occipital bone

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10
Q

What does the sagittal suture join?

A

the two parietal bones along the midline

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11
Q

What does the parieto-temporal (squamosal) suture join?

A
  • joins the parietal and temporal bones
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12
Q

What are the three compartments of the base of the cranium?

A
  • the anterior, middle, and posterior fossae
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13
Q

Where does the spinal cord merge with the brainstem? [which foramen, bone, area of cranial base]

A
  • via the foramen magnum
  • in the posterior fossa of the cranial base
  • the foramen magnum is in the occipital bone
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14
Q

What are the 5 sections of the vertebral column? How many segments in each?

A

30 total vertebrae segments

  • cervical (7)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacral (5)
  • coccygeal (1 fused)
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15
Q

Where does the end of the audlt spinal cord end?

A
  • caudal border of the L1 vertebrae where it forms the conus medullaris
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16
Q

How many spinal nerves are there? What are they?

A

31

  • 8C
  • 12T
  • 5L
  • 5S
  • 1 Coccygeal
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17
Q

Where does the C1 spinal nerve emerge?

A

between C1 vertebral segment and the occipital bone

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18
Q

Where does the cauda equina start?

A

caudal to L2

19
Q

What is the order from outside to inside of the 3 meninges?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid
  • pia mater
20
Q

What is the dura mater?

A
  • tougher outer layer of meninges
21
Q

What are the 4 dural folds/reflections?

A
  • falx cerebri
  • tentorium cerebelli
  • falx cerebelli
  • diaphragma sellae
22
Q

Where is the falx cerebri?

A

between the two cerebral hemispheres

23
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

overlying the cerebellum

24
Q

Where is the falx cerebelli?

A

between the two cerebellar hemispheres

25
Q

Where is the diaphragma sellae?

A
  • forms a roof over the pituitary fossae, perforated by the pituitary stalk
26
Q

How many layers of dura surround the cerebrum?

A
  • 2 layers
27
Q

What is the function of the inner and outer laters of dura mater surrounding the cerebrum

A
  • outer layer lines skull = periosteum for the cranium, rich in blood vessels and nerves
  • inner layer = adherent to arachnoid in many places
28
Q

What are dural sinuses?

A
  • channels between the two dural layers

- critical for venous blood and CSF circulation and drainage

29
Q

Where is the superior longitudinal sinus?

A
  • mid-sagitally (at midline) at junction of dural cap and falx cerebri
30
Q

What is the arachnoid?

A
  • middle meningeal layer
31
Q

What is the subarachnoid space (SAS)? What is in it?

A
  • the space between arachnoid and pia mater

- filled with CSF

32
Q

What are subarachnoid cisterns?

A
  • areas where the pia and arachnoid are more separated from each other –> contain larger pools of CSF
33
Q

What are the 4 most notable cisterns in the brainstem area?

A
  • cisterna magna
  • pontine cistern
  • superior [quardigeminal] cistern
  • basal [interpeduncular] cistern
34
Q

Where is the lumbar cistern? important?

A
  • below the L1 vertebral segment
  • area of lumbar puncture
  • lower risk target for harvesting CSF because conus medullaris already terminated above it
35
Q

What are arachnoid villi?

A
  • finger-like extensions of the arachnoid into the dural sinuses
36
Q

What are arachnoid granulation?

A
  • calcified arachnoid villi
  • can become sites of neoplastic tumors
  • increase in frequency with age
37
Q

WHat is the pia mater?

A
  • innermost meningeal layer
  • adheres to almost all the underlying nervous tissue
  • actually composed of 2 membranes
38
Q

What is difference between inner and outer pia?

A

inner pia = pia intima – adheres to nerovus tissue, avascular

outer pia = epipia – continuous with arachnoid trabeculae, contains blood vessels of spinal cord

39
Q

What are dentate ligaments?

A
  • bands of epipia [outer pia] tissue that anchor the spinal cord in the dura laterally
40
Q

Where do blood vessels lie in spinal cord vs brain?

A
  • in spinal cord: blood vessels lie in the epipia [outer pia]
  • in brain: cerebral blood vessels on surface of pia intima [inner pia] within subarachnoid space
41
Q

What are the leptomeninges?

A

pia + arachnoid together

42
Q

What are the 4 main differences between meninges of spinal cord and cerebrum?

A
  1. in cerebrum: 2 layers of dura; in spinal : 1 dura layer
  2. cerebrum: single pial layer; in spinal: 2 distint layers
  3. cerebrum: blood vessels on surface of intima pia within subarachnoid space; in spinal: blood vessels in epipial layer
  4. arachnoid villi way more common in cerebrum
43
Q

What is the filum terminale? Coccygeal ligament? their function?

A

they tether the meninges to the base of the coccyx

  • filum terminale = continuation of epipia
  • cocygeal ligament = continuation of dura mater

Brain and Behavior Exam 1 (15 decks)

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