First Aid Stuff Flashcards
1
Q
What part of neuron does not stain via Nissl substance?
A
axon [b/c it does not contain RER]
2
Q
What is wallerian degneration?
A
- if axon injured, process by which degenerates distal to injury and axon retracts proximally
- allows for potential regeneration of axon [if in PNS]
3
Q
What 3 CNs are responsible for taste of tongue?
A
CN VII [anterior 2/3]
CN IX [posterior 1/3]
CN X [for epiglottis / extreme posterior]
4
Q
What 3 CNs are responsible for sensation of tongue?
A
CN V3 [anterior 2/3]
CN IX [posterior 2/3]
CN X [for extreme posterior]
5
Q
What CN is responsible for motor innervation of tongue?
A
CN XII
6
Q
In what 3 diseases are oligodendroglia injured?
A
- multiple sclerosis
- progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- leukodystrophies
7
Q
What is the predominant type of glial cell in white matter?
A
oligodendroglia
8
Q
What is change in NE and 5-HT and GABA in anxiety?
A
- NE increase
- 5HT decrease
- GABA decrease
9
Q
What is change in NE, dopamine, 5HT in depression?
A
- NE decrease
- dopamine decrease
- 5HT decrease
10
Q
What is change in dopamine, ACh, and GABA in huntington disease?
A
- increase dopamine
- decrease ACh
- decrease GABA
11
Q
What is change in dopamine, 5HT, and ACh in parkinsons?
A
- decrease dopamine
- increase 5HT
- increase ACh
12
Q
What is change in ACh in alzheimers?
A
decrease ACh
13
Q
What is location of synthesis of NE?
A
locus ceruleus [pons]
14
Q
What is location of synthesis of Dopamine?
A
ventral tegmentum and SNc [midbrain]
15
Q
What is location of synthesis of 5HT?
A
raphe nucleus [pons, medulla, midbrain]
16
Q
What is location of synthesis of ACh?
A
basal nucleus of meynert
17
Q
What is location of synthesis of GABA?
A
nucleus accumbens
18
Q
Match these two
- locus ceruleus
- nucleus accumbens and septal nucleus
A. stress and panic
B. reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear
A
- locus ceruleus — A. stress and panic
2. nucleus accumbens and septal nucleus — B. reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear
19
Q
How do glucose/AA cross BBB? lipid soluble substances?
A
- glucose/AA by carrier mediated transport mech
- lipid-soluble cross rapidly by diffusion
20
Q
What are 3 specialized brain regions with fenestrated capillaries and no BBB?
A
- area postrema – vomiting after chemo
- OVLT – osmotic sensing
- neurohypophysis – ADH release
21
Q
What type of edema is this: infarcation/neoplasm destroys endothelial cell tight junctions?
A
vasogenic edema
22
Q
What is the mnemonic for hypothalamus function?
A
hypothalamus wears TAN HATS
- Thirs and water balance
- Adenohypophysis control [regulates AP]
- neurohypophysis releases hormones from hypo
- hunger
- autonomic regulation
- temp regulation
- sexual urges
23
Q
What part of the hypothalamus makes ADH?
A
supraoptic nucleus
24
Q
What part of the hypothalamus makes oxytocin?
A
paraventricular nucleus
25
Where are ADH and oxytocin made? where released?
- both made in hypothalamus [ADH in supraoptic, oxy in paraventricular nucleus]
- released by posterior pituitary
26
What is function of lateral hypothalamus?
- hunger
27
What happens if you destroy lateral area of hypothalamus?
- destruction causes anorexia, failure to thrive in infants
| - if you zap your LATERAL nucleus you shrink LATERALly
28
What is action of leptin on lateral area of hypothalamus?
- leptin inhibits lateral area
29
What is function of anterior hypothalamus?
cooling, parasympathetic
| - Anterior nucleus = cool off, pArasympathetic --> anterior cooling = A/C
30
What happens if you destroy ventromedial area of hypothalamus?
destruction --> hyperphagia
31
What is function of posterior hypothalamus?
heating, sympathetic
- posterior nuclues = ged fired up.
- if you zap your Posterior hypo, you becomes a Poikilotherm [cold-blooded, like a snake]
this is a total stretch, from first aid.
32
What is function of suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus?
circadian rhythm
| - you need SLEEP to be charismatic [= chiasmatic]
33
What is function of ventromedial area of hypothalamus?
satiety
34
What is action of leptin on ventromedial area of hypothalamus?
- leptin stimulates lateral area
35
Where does posterior pituitary [neurophyophysis] receive input from?
- receives hypothalamic axonal projectsions from supraoptic [ADH] and paraventricular [oxytocin] nuclei
36
What is the adenohypophysis mean?
anterior pituiary
37
What sensory information does the ventroal posterolateral nucleus [VPL] of the thalamus relay?
- pain and temp, pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception
| - relays from spinothalamic and dorsal colums to primary somatosensory cortex
38
What sensory information does the ventral posteromedial nucleus [VPM] of the thalamus relay?
- face sensation and taste from the trigeminal/gustatory paths to the primary somaotsensory cortex
- Makeup [vpM] goes on the face? again questionable first aid
39
What sensory info does the LGN [lateral geniculate nucleus] of the thalamus relay?
- vision from CNII to the calcarine sulcus
| Lateral = Light
40
What sensory info does the MGN [medial geniculate nucleus] of the thalamus relay?
- hearing from the superio olice and inferiorcolliculus of tectum to the auditory cortex of temporal lobe
- Medial = Music
41
What sensory info does the ventral lateral [VL] nucleus of the thalamus relay?
- motor from basal ganglia/cerebellum to motor cortex
42
What are the famous 5 Fs of limbic system function?
- feeding
- fleeing
- fighting
- feeling
- sex
43
What structures are included in the limbic system?
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- fornix
- mammillary bodies
- cingulate
44
What is function of cerebellum?
- modulates movement
| - aids in coordination and balance
45
What is is function of basal ganglia?
- important in voluntary movements, making postural adjustments
0 receives cortical input, provides negative feedback to cortex to modulate movement
46
What 2 structures make up the striatum
- putamen [motor]
| - caudate [cognitive]
47
What 2 structures make up the lentiform?
- putamen
| - globus pallidus
48
What is the excitatory pathways of the basal ganglia?
- cortical inputs stimulate striatum --> stimulates release of GABA --> disinhibits thalamus via globus pallidus internus
- increases motion
49
What is inhibitory pathway of basal ganglia?
- cortical inputs stimulate striatum
- disinhibits subthalamic nucleus via globus pallidus externus
- subthalamic nuclues stimulates globus pallidus internus to inhibit thalamus
- decreases motion
50
What is effect on dopamine release in basal ganglia [ie in path to increase/decrease motion]?
- dopamine binds D1 receptors to stimulate excitatory path
- dopamine also binds D2 to inhibit the inhibitory path
- increases motion
51
Where is principal visual cortex located?
in occipital lobe
52
Where is wenicke's area?
- in dominant hemisphere in superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe
- associative auditory cortex
53
Where is broca area?
- in dominant hemisphere in interior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe
- responsible for motor speech
54
Where is principal motor cortex in brain?
prefrontal gyrus [frontal]
55
Where is principal somatosensory area in brain?
postcentral gyrus [parietal]
56
What type of aphasia in broca area?
- nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension [can understand but can't speak]
- broca broken boca
57
What type of aphasia in wernicke's area?
- fluent aphaisa with impaired comprehension and repetition
- wernicke is wordy but makes no sense
Wernicke = What?
58
What happens in global aphasia?
- nonfluent aphasia with impaired comprehension
| - if both broca and wernicke areas affected
59
When do watershed zones get injured
in severe hypotension
60
What is an aneurysm?
- abnormal dilation of artery due to weakening of vessel wall
61
What is berry aneuryism?
- aneurysm at bifurcation in circle of willis
- most common in anterior communicating artery
- most common complication = rupture --> leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage or hemorrhagic stroke
- can also cause bitemporal hemianopia via compression of optic chiasm
62
What are risk factors for berry aneuryism?
- ehlers-danlos syndrome
- marfan
- advanced age
- hypertension
- smoking
- higher risk in blacks
63
Where doe the dural venous sinuses empty?
- into internal jugular vein
64
What is a communicating hydrocephalus?
- decreases CSF absorption by arachnoid grnualttions
| - can lead to increase intracranial pressure, papilledema, herniation
65
What is a normal pressure hydrocephalus?
- no increase in subarachnoid space volume
- expansion of ventricles distorts fibers of corona radiata and leads to triad "wet, wobbly, wacky"
== urinary incontinence, ataxia, cognitive dysfunction
66
What is a hydrocephalus ex vacuo?
- appearance of increase CSF in atrophy
- normal ICP
- apparent increase in CSF on imaging actually due to decreased neural tissue due to neuronal atrophy
- in alzheimer, advanced HIV, pick disease
67
What is a noncommunicating hydrocephalus?
- causes by structural block of CSF circulation in ventricular system
68
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 = just like 31 flavors of baskin robbins
- 8 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 1 coccygeal
69
Where does each cranial nerve exit with respect to corresponding vertebra?
C1 - C7 exit above vertebra
C8 and below exit below
ex. C2 exits above 2nd cervical vert, L2 exits below 2nd lumbar vert
70
What happens in vertebral disc herniation? where does it occur ost often?
- nucleus pulposus [inner] herniates through annulus fibrosus [outer]
- usually posterolateral at L4-L5 or L5-S1
71
Where does the spinal cord extend in adults?
L1-L2 vertebrae
72
Where does the subarachnoid space extend in adult spine?
- to lower border of S2 vertebra
73
Where do you usually perform a lumbar puncture?
- L3-L4 or L4-L5 at level of cauda equina
"to keep the cord alive, keep the spinal needle between L3 and L5"
74
What info is related in descending laterol corticospinal tract?
voluntary motor -- cervical --> sacral from medial to lateral
Legs [lumbosacral ] are lateral in Lateral corticospinal, spinothalamic tracks
75
What info is relayed in ascending dorsal column of spinal cord? The two parts?
- pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception
- fasciulus gracilis = lower body/legs [more medial]
- fasciculus cuneatus = upper body/arms [more lateral]
"dorsal column is organized as you are, with hands at sides, arms outside, legs inside
76
What info is relayed in ascending lateral spinothalamic tract?
- pain and temp
- cervical more medial --> sacral more lateral
[legs are more lateral]
77
What info is relayed in ascending anterior spinothalamic tract?
- crude touch, pressure
78
What 3 cranial nerves lie medially at the brain stem?
- CN III
- CN VI
- CN XII
Motor = medial
79
What are 2 functions of pineal gland?
- melatonin secretion
| - circadian rhythms
80
What is function of superior colliculi of brainstem?
- conjugate vertical gaze [motion of both eyes vertically at same time]
81
What is function of inferior colliculi of brainstem?
- auditory
82
How do you remember difference in function superior vs inferior colliculi of brainstem?
- your eyes are above your ears and the superior colliculus [visual] is above inferior [auditory]
83
Where are the collicluli located?
- on dorsal aspect of brain stem
84
What is mnemonic for cranial nerves sensory vs motor vs both?
```
Some [CN 1 = sensory] olfactory
Say [CN 2= sensory] optic
Marry [CN 3 = motor] occulomotor
Money [CN 4= motor] trochlear
But [CN 5 = both] trigeminal
My [CN 6 = motor] abducens
Brother [CN 7 = both] facial
Says [CN 8 = sensory] vestibulocochlear
Big [CN 9 = both] glossopharyngeal
Brains [CN 10 = both] vagus
Matter [CN 11 = motor] accessory
Most [CN 12 = motor] hypoglossal
```
85
What is CN1: name? function? type [sensory, motor, both]?
name: olfactory
function: smell [only CN without thalamic relay to cortex]
type: sensory
86
What is CN2: name? function? type [sensory, motor, both]?
name: optic
function: sight
type: sensory
87
What is CN3: name? function? type [sensory, motor, both]?
name: oculomotor
function:
- eye movement [superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique]
- pupillary constriction [sphincter pupillae]
- accomodation
- eyelid opening
type: motor
88
What is CN4: name? function? type [sensory, motor, both]?
name: trochlear
function: eye movement [superior oblique]
type: motor
89
What is CN5: name? function? type [sensory, motor, both]?
name: trigeminal
function: mastication, facial sensation [ophtalmic, maxillary, mandibular divisions], sensation from anterior 2/3 tongue
type: both
90
What is CN6: name? function? type [sensory, motor, both]?
name: abducens
function: eye movement [lateral rectus]
type: motor
91
What is CN7: name? function? type [sensory, motor, both]?
name: facial
function:
- facial movement
- taste anterior 2/3 tongue
- lacrimation, salivation
- eyelid closing
- stapedius muscle in ear
type: both
92
What is CN8: name? function? type [sensory, motor, both]?
name: vestibulocochlear
function: hearing/balance
type: sensory
93
What is CN9: name? function? type [sensory, motor, both]?
name: glossopharyngeal
function: taste and sensation from posterior 1/3 tongue
- swallowing, salivation [parotid]
- monitoring carotid body and sinus chemo and baroreceptors
- stylopharyngeus
type: both
94
What is CN10: name? function? type [sensory, motor, both]?
name: vagus
function:
- taste from epiglottis
- swallowing
- midline uvula
- talking, coughing
- moitoring aortic arch chemo and baroreceptors
type: both
95
What is CN11: name? function? type [sensory, motor, both]?
name: accessory
function: head turning, shoulder shrugging
type: motor
96
What is CN12: name? function? type [sensory, motor, both]?
name: hypoglossal
function: tongue movement
type: motor
97
What cranial nerve is responsible for movement of each of these eye muscles:
- superior oblique
- inferior oblique
- lateral rectus
- inferior rectus
SO: trochlear [4]
IO: oculomotor [3]
LR: abducens [6]
IR: oculomotor [3]
98
Where are the cranial nerve nuclei all located?
- in tegmentum portion of brain stem [between dorsal and ventral]
99
What 2 CN nuclei are located in midbrain?
- CN III, IV
100
What 4 CN nuclei are located in pons?
- CN V, VI, VII, VIII
101
What 3 CN nuclei are located in medulla?
- CN IX, X, XII
102
What 1 CN nucleus is located in spinal cord?
- XN XI
103
Which are lateral nuclei vs medial nuclei of cranial nerves?
- Lateral nuclei = sensory [aLar plate]
| - Medial nuclei = Motor [basal plate]
104
Where does CNI [olfactory] exit the brain?
via cribiform plate
105
Which CNs exit through the middle cranial fossa [through sphenoid bone]?
- CN II through VI
106
Where does CN II [optic] exit?
- optic canal
107
What 3 things go through the optic canal?
- CN II [optic nerve]
- opthalmic artery
- central retinal vein
108
What Seven things go through the Superior orbital fissure [hint 4 different CNs]?
- CN III
- CN IV
- CN V1
- CN VI
- opthalmic vein
- sympathetic fibers
109
Where does CN III [oculomotor] exit?
- superior orbital fissure
110
Where does CN IV [trochlear] exit?
- superior orbital fissure
111
Where does CN V [trigeminal] exit? [hint mneumonic]
- CN V1 [opthalmic] --> Superior orbital fissure
- CN V2 [maxillary] --> foramen Rotundum
- CN V3 [mandibular] --> foramen Ovale
CN V exits owing to Standing Room Only
112
What goes through the foramen spinosum?
- middle meningeal artery
113
Where does CN VI exit?
superior orbital fissure
114
Where does CN VII exit?
internal auditory meatus
115
What 2 things go through internal auditory meatus?
- CN VII
| - CN VIII
116
What 4 things go through the jugular foramen?
- CN IX
- CN X
- CN XI
- jugular vein
117
Where does CN VIII exit?
- internal auditory meatus
118
Where does CN IX exit?
- jugular foramen
119
Where does CN X exit?
jugular foramen
120
Where does CN XI exit?
jugular foramen
| except spinal roots go through foramen magnum
121
Where does CN XII exit?
hypoglossal canal
122
What are the 4 types of herniation syndromes?
- cingulate [subfalcine] herniation under falx cerebri
- downward transtentorial [central] herniation
- uncal herniation
- cerebellar tonsillar herniation into foramen magnum
123
What is possible effect of subfalcine herniation?
- can compress anterior cerebral artery
124
What is possible effect of uncal herniation?
- compress ipsilateral CN III --> down and out gaze, blown pupil
- compress ipsilaterl PCA
- compress contralateral crus cerebri [ipsilateral paralysis, false localization]
125
What is possible effect of cerebellar herniation?
- coma and death result when compresses brain stem and inhibits respiration
