Review Class Flashcards
Simple description of body parts without reference to disease
Descriptive anatomy
Examines structure and function of cells
Cytology
The study of function
Physiology
Microscopic study of cells and tissues
Histology
How cells and cellular functions work
Cell physiology
Study of structure and function of bones
Osteology
The study of structure
Anatomy
The study of joints
Arthrology
The study of the nervous system
Neurology
The study of diseases in relation to anatomy
Pathologic anatomy
Transverse
divides the body into upper and lower portions
Coronal
divides the anterior from posterior
Sagittal
divides right from left
The study of the structure of an organism
Anatomy
The study of the function of an organism
Physiology
Cutting of a body for the purpose of study
Dissection
Study of cell structure and funtion
Cytology
Microscopic study of cells and tissues
Histology
Study of joints of the body
Arthrology
Study of diseases of the nervous system
neurology
Tissue that provides the surface covering of the body and lining of cavities and passage ways
epithelial
A sheet-like membrane surrounding organs
fascia
Binds organs together of hold bones to bones or bones to cartigage
ligament
A section that divides the body into front and back halves
frontal/ coronal section
A section that cuts the body in to left and right portions
sagittal
A section that cuts the body uno user and lower halves
transverse
Refers to the front surface of a body
anterior
means “toward the belly”
ventral
Means “toward the back”
dorsal
Means “away from the center”
peripheral/lateral
Means “confined to the surface”
Superficial
Means “closer to the axis of the body”
Deep
Means “away from the midline of an appendicular structure”
Distal
Means “toward the midline of an appendicular structure”
Medial
Means “above” or “farther from the ground”
Superior
Respiratory muscles involved in quiet expiration
- None
- forces: torques, gravity, elasticity of the ribs and costal cartilage
Respiratory muscles involved in forced expiration
- rectus abdominus
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- transverse abdominus
Respiratory muscles involved in forced expiration
- rectus abdominus
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- transverse abdominus
Physiology of Respiration
1) Pulmonary Ventilation (Inspiration)
- lungs expand vertically and horizontally
- pressure in lungs decreases (Boyle’s law)
- higher pressure outside (atmospheric pressure) rushes through the conduction one into the lower pressure (expanded) lungs (pulmonary pressure)
2) External Ventilation
- when gas exchange occurs between blood and lungs at alveoli
3) Respiratory Gas Transport
- movement of O2 and CO2 around the body via the circulatory/ vascular system
4) Internal Ventilation
- gas exchange within cells throughout the body
5) Pulmonary Ventilation (Expiration)
- lungs passively return to original shape in quiet creating but in forced breathing the abdominal muscles are engaged
- pressure in lungs increases because the dimensions have shrunk
- higher pressure inside lungs (pulmonary pressure) rushes through the conduction zone out into the atmosphere
Volume
the total amount of space occupied by something
Capacity
the volume of something that can be functionally used
Capacity
the volume of something that can be functionally used
Physiology of phonation
1) Airflow production
- Expiratory phase of pulmonary ventilation
- Sends air to the larynx
2) Intrinsic Muscle Action
- adduct the vocal cords (Interarytenoids (oblique and transverse) and Lateral cricoarytenoid)
- tensors (Cricothyroid and Thyroarytenoid)
- VC closure
3) Subglottic Air Pressure
- the VCs are closed, but there is still more air coming out of the lungs
- so the pressure builds below the glottis (where the VCs meet)
- Eventually the pressure becomes so great that it pushes the VCs open
4) Bernoulli Effect
- states: At a point of constriction as velocity increases, pressure decreases
- think car and semi passes you (rocks the car)
- effect: Air rushes through the vocal cords, creating negative air pressure, and makes the vocal cords come together
- end result: vocal cords begin to move together
5) Vocal Cord re-unite
- Because of the Bernoulli Effect and the elasticity of the vocal cords, the VCs come together
6) End of Phonation
- Adductors and tensors relax
- Abductors contract
- the VCs go into resting position because we are no longer phonating
Characteristics of voice
- loudness
- pitch
- Quality
Ligament
Binds organs together or holds bones to bone or bones to cartilage
Tendon
Attaches muscle to bone or to cartilage
Adipose
Fat tissue
Highly mobile joints containing a lubricating fluid within the articular capsule
Diarthrodial (synovial) joint
Have limited mobility, with cartilage performing the primary joint function
Amphiarthrodial (cartilaginous) joint
Immobile
synarthrodial (fibrous) joint
Cricothyroids (pars recta and pars oblique)
O: Cricoid
I: Thyroid
A: Draws thyroid down and forward tensing VC
N: Vagus X (SLN branch)
Cricoarytenoids
O: Cricoid
I: Arytenoid
A: Lateral adducts VC; Posterior Abducts VC
N: Vagus X RLN branch
Interarytenoids
O: Arytenoid
I: Arytenoid
A: Both adduct VC
N: Vagus X RLN branch
Thyroarytenoid
O: Thyroid
I: Arytenoid
A: Adducts, tenses VC
N: Vagus X RLN branch
Loudness increased by
- Greater Medial compression of VC (intrinsic adductors)
- Greater longitudinal tension on VC (intrinsic tensors)
- Results in greater sub-glottal pressure
Malignant VC Lesion
structural pathologies of the larynx
Laryngitis
Inflammatory condition of the larynx
Allergies
Systemic conditions affecting voice
Candida
Non-Laryngeal Aerogestive Disorder affecting voice
Gender Identity Dysphonia
Psychiatric/Psychological Disorders affecting voice
VC Paralysis
Neurological Disorders Affecting Voice
Muscle Tension Dysphonia
Other Disorders Affecting Voice
Loudness decreases with
- Lesser medial compression of VC (intrinsic adductors)
- Lesser longitudinal tension of VC (intrinsic tensors)
- Results in lower sub-glottal pressure
Pitch rises due to:
- Lengthening of VC (intrinsic adductor muscles)
- Tensing of VC (intrinsic tensing muscles)
- Mass of VC spreads our as a result
Pitch lowers due to:
- Shortening of VC (intrinsic relaxing muscles and some extrinsic muscles)
- Relaxing of VC (intrinsic relaxing muscles and some extrinsic muscles)
- Mass of VC compressed as a a result
Layers of the VC (out–> in)
- Epithelium
- superficial layer
- intermediate layer
- deep layer
- Thyroarytenoid (thryrovocalis)
- Thyroarytenoid (thyromuscularis)
VC=
IRV+TV+ERV
TLC=
IRV+TV+ERV+RV
IC=
IRV+TV
FRC=
ERV+RV
Muscles of Quiet Inspiration
- Diaphragm
- External and internal intercostals
Muscles of Forced Inspiration
- Diaphragm
- External and internal intercostals
Muscles of Quiet Expiration
- No muscles
- Forces: torque; gravity; elasticity of ribs and costal cartilage
Muscles of Forced Expiration
- External Obliques
- internal obliques
- rectus abdominus
- transverse abdominus
Parts of Sternum (top to bottom)
- Manubrium of Sternum
- Corpus of Sternum
- Xiphoid (Ensiform)
Anatomical name for collar bone
clavicle
Means “Below” or “closer to the ground”
inferior
Means “on one’s back”
Supine
Means “on one’s belly”
Prone
Means “pertaining to the side”
Lateral
Means “nearest to the point of attachment”
Proximal
Means “bending at a joint”
Flexion
Means “pulling two end farther apart”
Extension
Application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of disease, particularly as it relates to surgical procedures
Clinical anatomy
The study of structures visible without the aid of microscopes
Gross anatomy
