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Anatomy and Physiology of Speech and Hearing > Review Class > Flashcards

Review Class Flashcards

1
Q

Simple description of body parts without reference to disease

A

Descriptive anatomy

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2
Q

Examines structure and function of cells

A

Cytology

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3
Q

The study of function

A

Physiology

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4
Q

Microscopic study of cells and tissues

A

Histology

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5
Q

How cells and cellular functions work

A

Cell physiology

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6
Q

Study of structure and function of bones

A

Osteology

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7
Q

The study of structure

A

Anatomy

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8
Q

The study of joints

A

Arthrology

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9
Q

The study of the nervous system

A

Neurology

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10
Q

The study of diseases in relation to anatomy

A

Pathologic anatomy

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11
Q

Transverse

A

divides the body into upper and lower portions

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12
Q

Coronal

A

divides the anterior from posterior

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13
Q

Sagittal

A

divides right from left

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14
Q

The study of the structure of an organism

A

Anatomy

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15
Q

The study of the function of an organism

A

Physiology

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16
Q

Cutting of a body for the purpose of study

A

Dissection

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17
Q

Study of cell structure and funtion

A

Cytology

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18
Q

Microscopic study of cells and tissues

A

Histology

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19
Q

Study of joints of the body

A

Arthrology

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20
Q

Study of diseases of the nervous system

A

neurology

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21
Q

Tissue that provides the surface covering of the body and lining of cavities and passage ways

A

epithelial

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22
Q

A sheet-like membrane surrounding organs

A

fascia

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23
Q

Binds organs together of hold bones to bones or bones to cartigage

A

ligament

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24
Q

A section that divides the body into front and back halves

A

frontal/ coronal section

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25
Q

A section that cuts the body in to left and right portions

A

sagittal

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26
Q

A section that cuts the body uno user and lower halves

A

transverse

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27
Q

Refers to the front surface of a body

A

anterior

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28
Q

means “toward the belly”

A

ventral

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29
Q

Means “toward the back”

A

dorsal

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30
Q

Means “away from the center”

A

peripheral/lateral

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31
Q

Means “confined to the surface”

A

Superficial

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32
Q

Means “closer to the axis of the body”

A

Deep

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33
Q

Means “away from the midline of an appendicular structure”

A

Distal

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34
Q

Means “toward the midline of an appendicular structure”

A

Medial

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35
Q

Means “above” or “farther from the ground”

A

Superior

36
Q

Respiratory muscles involved in quiet expiration

A
  • None

- forces: torques, gravity, elasticity of the ribs and costal cartilage

37
Q

Respiratory muscles involved in forced expiration

A
  • rectus abdominus
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transverse abdominus
38
Q

Respiratory muscles involved in forced expiration

A
  • rectus abdominus
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transverse abdominus
39
Q

Physiology of Respiration

A

1) Pulmonary Ventilation (Inspiration)
- lungs expand vertically and horizontally
- pressure in lungs decreases (Boyle’s law)
- higher pressure outside (atmospheric pressure) rushes through the conduction one into the lower pressure (expanded) lungs (pulmonary pressure)
2) External Ventilation
- when gas exchange occurs between blood and lungs at alveoli
3) Respiratory Gas Transport
- movement of O2 and CO2 around the body via the circulatory/ vascular system
4) Internal Ventilation
- gas exchange within cells throughout the body
5) Pulmonary Ventilation (Expiration)
- lungs passively return to original shape in quiet creating but in forced breathing the abdominal muscles are engaged
- pressure in lungs increases because the dimensions have shrunk
- higher pressure inside lungs (pulmonary pressure) rushes through the conduction zone out into the atmosphere

40
Q

Volume

A

the total amount of space occupied by something

41
Q

Capacity

A

the volume of something that can be functionally used

42
Q

Capacity

A

the volume of something that can be functionally used

43
Q

Physiology of phonation

A

1) Airflow production
- Expiratory phase of pulmonary ventilation
- Sends air to the larynx
2) Intrinsic Muscle Action
- adduct the vocal cords (Interarytenoids (oblique and transverse) and Lateral cricoarytenoid)
- tensors (Cricothyroid and Thyroarytenoid)
- VC closure
3) Subglottic Air Pressure
- the VCs are closed, but there is still more air coming out of the lungs
- so the pressure builds below the glottis (where the VCs meet)
- Eventually the pressure becomes so great that it pushes the VCs open
4) Bernoulli Effect
- states: At a point of constriction as velocity increases, pressure decreases
- think car and semi passes you (rocks the car)
- effect: Air rushes through the vocal cords, creating negative air pressure, and makes the vocal cords come together
- end result: vocal cords begin to move together
5) Vocal Cord re-unite
- Because of the Bernoulli Effect and the elasticity of the vocal cords, the VCs come together
6) End of Phonation
- Adductors and tensors relax
- Abductors contract
- the VCs go into resting position because we are no longer phonating

44
Q

Characteristics of voice

A
  • loudness
  • pitch
  • Quality
45
Q

Ligament

A

Binds organs together or holds bones to bone or bones to cartilage

46
Q

Tendon

A

Attaches muscle to bone or to cartilage

47
Q

Adipose

A

Fat tissue

48
Q

Highly mobile joints containing a lubricating fluid within the articular capsule

A

Diarthrodial (synovial) joint

49
Q

Have limited mobility, with cartilage performing the primary joint function

A

Amphiarthrodial (cartilaginous) joint

50
Q

Immobile

A

synarthrodial (fibrous) joint

51
Q

Cricothyroids (pars recta and pars oblique)

A

O: Cricoid
I: Thyroid
A: Draws thyroid down and forward tensing VC
N: Vagus X (SLN branch)

52
Q

Cricoarytenoids

A

O: Cricoid
I: Arytenoid
A: Lateral adducts VC; Posterior Abducts VC
N: Vagus X RLN branch

53
Q

Interarytenoids

A

O: Arytenoid
I: Arytenoid
A: Both adduct VC
N: Vagus X RLN branch

54
Q

Thyroarytenoid

A

O: Thyroid
I: Arytenoid
A: Adducts, tenses VC
N: Vagus X RLN branch

55
Q

Loudness increased by

A
  • Greater Medial compression of VC (intrinsic adductors)
  • Greater longitudinal tension on VC (intrinsic tensors)
  • Results in greater sub-glottal pressure
56
Q

Malignant VC Lesion

A

structural pathologies of the larynx

57
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammatory condition of the larynx

58
Q

Allergies

A

Systemic conditions affecting voice

59
Q

Candida

A

Non-Laryngeal Aerogestive Disorder affecting voice

60
Q

Gender Identity Dysphonia

A

Psychiatric/Psychological Disorders affecting voice

61
Q

VC Paralysis

A

Neurological Disorders Affecting Voice

62
Q

Muscle Tension Dysphonia

A

Other Disorders Affecting Voice

63
Q

Loudness decreases with

A
  • Lesser medial compression of VC (intrinsic adductors)
  • Lesser longitudinal tension of VC (intrinsic tensors)
  • Results in lower sub-glottal pressure
64
Q

Pitch rises due to:

A
  • Lengthening of VC (intrinsic adductor muscles)
  • Tensing of VC (intrinsic tensing muscles)
  • Mass of VC spreads our as a result
65
Q

Pitch lowers due to:

A
  • Shortening of VC (intrinsic relaxing muscles and some extrinsic muscles)
  • Relaxing of VC (intrinsic relaxing muscles and some extrinsic muscles)
  • Mass of VC compressed as a a result
66
Q

Layers of the VC (out–> in)

A
  • Epithelium
  • superficial layer
  • intermediate layer
  • deep layer
  • Thyroarytenoid (thryrovocalis)
  • Thyroarytenoid (thyromuscularis)
67
Q

VC=

A

IRV+TV+ERV

68
Q

TLC=

A

IRV+TV+ERV+RV

69
Q

IC=

A

IRV+TV

70
Q

FRC=

A

ERV+RV

71
Q

Muscles of Quiet Inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm

- External and internal intercostals

72
Q

Muscles of Forced Inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm

- External and internal intercostals

73
Q

Muscles of Quiet Expiration

A
  • No muscles

- Forces: torque; gravity; elasticity of ribs and costal cartilage

74
Q

Muscles of Forced Expiration

A
  • External Obliques
  • internal obliques
  • rectus abdominus
  • transverse abdominus
75
Q

Parts of Sternum (top to bottom)

A
  • Manubrium of Sternum
  • Corpus of Sternum
  • Xiphoid (Ensiform)
76
Q

Anatomical name for collar bone

A

clavicle

77
Q

Means “Below” or “closer to the ground”

A

inferior

78
Q

Means “on one’s back”

A

Supine

79
Q

Means “on one’s belly”

A

Prone

80
Q

Means “pertaining to the side”

A

Lateral

81
Q

Means “nearest to the point of attachment”

A

Proximal

82
Q

Means “bending at a joint”

A

Flexion

83
Q

Means “pulling two end farther apart”

A

Extension

84
Q

Application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of disease, particularly as it relates to surgical procedures

A

Clinical anatomy

85
Q

The study of structures visible without the aid of microscopes

A

Gross anatomy

Anatomy and Physiology of Speech and Hearing (32 decks)

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