Physiology of Emotion, Swallowing, and Articulation

Question 1

Pharyngeal Constrictors

Answer 1

• help with swallowing
• Superior Pharyngeal constrictor
• Middle pharyngeal constrictor
• Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 2

Superior Pharyngeal constrictor

Answer 2

O: Pterygoid plate, mandible, and sides of tongue
I: Pharyngeal raphe
A: Constrict pharynx
N: IX Glossopharyngeal, X Vagus

Question 3

Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor

Answer 3

O: Hyoid bone
I: Pharyngeal raphe
A: Constrict pharynx
N: X Vagus

Question 4

Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor

Answer 4

O: Thyroid cartilage
I: Pharyngeal raphe
A: Constrict pharynx
N: X Vagus

Question 5

Mastication

Answer 5

chewing

Question 6

Deglutition

Answer 6

Swallowing

Question 7

Emotions

Answer 7

• a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others
• Literally means move out
• Reactions to matters that are important to our welfare
• we are generally aware of them, but not often specifically aware
• Prime way we show emotion is the facial muscles

Question 8

Triggers for emotion

Answer 8

• Automatic appraisal
• Reflective appraisal
• Memory
• Imagination
• Past emotional event
• Others instructing us about what to be emotional about
• Violations of social norms
• Voluntary assuming the appearance of emotion
• Empathy

Question 9

Swallowing Stages

Answer 9

1) Oral Preparatory
2) Oral Stage
3) Pharyngeal Stage
4) Esophageal Stage

Question 10

Stage 1 of swallowing

Answer 10

Oral Preparatory

• Length= variable depending on what you are eating (12 seconds or more is too long)
• Voluntary
• Food enters mouth
• A labial seal is produced
• Nasal breathing occurs
• Food prepared for swallowing through mastication (mixing of food with saliva)
• Takes place in oral cavity

Question 11

Stage 2 of swallowing

Answer 11

Oral Stage

• Length= 1 sec.
• Voluntary
• Mastication stops
• A bolus is formed and placed on top of tongue
• Posterior part of tongue drops down
• Anterior tongue elevates to alveolar ridge
• Labial seal maintained and nasal breathing continues
• Tongue tip and sides firmly sealed against alveolar ridge
• Groove formed in tongue like a ramp or chute
• Tongue squeezes bolus backward in a rolling action to anterior faucial arches

Question 12

Stage 3 of swallowing

Answer 12

Pharyngeal Stage

• Length= 1 sec
• Involuntary in that we don’t think about it usually, but voluntary in that you can control it if you want to
• Bolus contacts faucial arches
• Soft palate elevates
• Respiration pauses
• Vocal folds adduct
• Larynx elevates and moves forward
• Epiglottis lowers
• Cricopharyngeus (muscle at upper esophageal segment) relaxes
• Food enters pharynx and is squeezed through to esophagus

Question 13

Stage 4 of swallowing

Answer 13

Esophageal Stage

• Length= 3-4 up to 20 depending on consistency of food
• Involuntary
• Bolus enters the esophagus
• Peristaltic waves push bolus to stomach

Question 14

Difficulty swallowing

Answer 14

Dysphasia

Question 15

Dysphasia

Answer 15

• Can occur in each stage

Question 16

Verbal Communication System

Answer 16

1) Cognitive system (thoughts and ideas)
2) Language planning system (linguistic level/ encoding)
3) Speech planning system (how to say it is planned out)
4) Speech execution system (articulators say the word out loud)

Question 17

Source Filter Theory

Answer 17

• Source: Vocal cords
• Filter: Resonance cavities and mobile and immobile articulators
• Product: Speech sounds

Question 18

Vowel

Answer 18

A speech sound made with constriction of oral and pharyngeal cavities

Question 19

Vowel

Answer 19

A speech sound made with little constriction of oral and pharyngeal cavities

Question 20

Difference between vowel and consonants

Answer 20

1) Amount of constriction
2) Vowels always / Consonants and
3) Vowels center of syllables/ Consonants and

Question 21

Difference between vowel and consonants

Answer 21

1) Amount of constriction
2) Vowels always voiced/ Consonants are voiced and unvoiced
3) Vowels center of syllables/ Consonants are not

Question 22

Types of Vowels

Answer 22

1) Monophthong

2) Diphthong

Question 23

Classification of vowels

Answer 23

1) Openness: extent oral cavity opened or closed depending if tongue is raised or lowered
2) backness: part of tongue raised (front vs. back)
3) roundness: rounding vs. un-rounding of lips
* 4) tenseness : tenseness/ laxness of tongue

Question 24

IPA

Answer 24

International Phonetic Alphabet

Question 25

SEA

Answer 25

Standard English Alphabet

Question 26

Consonants

Answer 26

• Manner: how a sound is produced
• Place: where a sound is produced
• Voice: are the vocal cords on or off?
• Organ: what organ is doing the constricting of the air stream?

Question 27

Manners of consonants

Answer 27

1) Sonorants (semi-vowels):
- Nasals (m, n, /ing/)
- Glides (r, w, y)
- Lateral (l)
2) Obstruents:
- Stops (p, b, t, d, k, g)
- Fricatives (f, v, s, z, sh, ch, th, h) –> noisy air
- Affricates –> begin like a stop, but end as a fricative (ch,

Question 28

Place of consonants

Answer 28

• Labial (b, p, m, w)
• Labial-dental (f, v)
• Lingua-dental (th)
• Lingua-alveolar (t, d, s, z, n, l)
• Lingua-palatal (s, ch, y, r, sh)
• Lingua-velar (k, g, ing)
• Glottal (h)

Question 29

Voice of consonants

Answer 29

• Voiced

- Voiceless