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nutrition > review > Flashcards

review Flashcards

1
Q

differences in med diet and dash diet and similarities

A

med diet promotes the use of red wine and olive oil but dash does not

  • both say use meat rarely and limit sweets
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2
Q

assessment of dietary intake

A

make sure weekend is included

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3
Q

dietary recall

A

24hr recall and not very reflective

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4
Q

food frequency questionnaires

A

research

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5
Q

food disappearance data

A

at a population level but patient to patient- not helpful at a patient level

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6
Q

dietary patterns and/or foods

A

dietary guidelines for americans (DGA_

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7
Q

specific nutrients guidance (3)

A

RDA- a lot of evidence for (dietary reference intakes DRI)
AI- enough data less precision
UL- upper limit, above level we worry about toxicities

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8
Q

additional guidance offered by professional societies

A

AHA

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9
Q

measure of chronic disease risk

A

BMI

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10
Q

obesity is recognized as a chronic disease

A

yep

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11
Q

BMI

A

easily calculated but we recognize that it has limitations: fat distribution, edema, body builders, gender, age and race

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12
Q

high waist circumference

A

easier to implement in the field and measure visceral fat better than BMI

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13
Q

energy expended at rest in a fasting state

A

basal energy expenditure

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14
Q

BEE determined by (3)

A
  1. fat free mass: higher correlates with higher
  2. thyroid: hypo BEE is lower
  3. age: older age BEE is lower (1-2% decline per year)
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15
Q

TEE of BEE

A

60-70%

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16
Q

TEE of TEF

A

10-15%

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17
Q

NEAT

A

non-exercise activity- 1/3 of TEE

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18
Q

Fiber

A

very important, delayed absorbance of carbohydrates with increased fiber and decreasing cholesterol by increasing its excretion

  • good for HTN and diabetic people too include in their diet
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19
Q

Fat soluble

A

ADEK- upper levels of toxicity

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20
Q

vitamin A precursor

A

carotenoids and with plant based form there is a decrease toxicity

  • we turn orange with tox
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21
Q

sunshine vitamin

A

vitamin D- helps us absorb calcium

  • not a lot of food sources that contain this vitamin.
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22
Q

Vitamin E

A

antioxidant

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23
Q

vitamin K

A
  • newborns are repleted with vitamin K

- blood coag

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24
Q

vitamin C

A
  • deficiency results in skin issues
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25
Q

thiamin

A

alcohol but not only restricted to that

- thiamine repletion in refeeding syndrome

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26
Q

Vitamin B12

A
  • vegan dieters are in risk of being deficient
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27
Q

B6

A

peripheral neuropathy

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28
Q

iron

A

phytates that inhibit absorption of iron but vitamin C helps with absorption

29
Q

zinc

A

deficiency leads to skin rashes and impaired would healing

phytates limit absorption

30
Q

copper

A

mimics B-12 deficiency and we see it in patients that have bypass surgery

31
Q

insulin and leptin are _____ in obesity

A

increased while ghrelin is decreased

32
Q

diabulimia

A

seen in type I diabetes- patients do not use insulin to loose weight

33
Q

obesity is increased in

A

1/3 of the population

34
Q

consumption of simple carbohydrates trigger the greates ____ release

A

insulin

35
Q

goal of obesity intervention

A

5-10% loss for improved cardiometabolic risk profile

  • small changes can add up and be helpful
  • 1-2 lb per week
36
Q

dietary counseling pearls

A
  1. beverages
  2. increasing protein intake
  3. limiting sugar to no more of 25 grams (WHO)!!!!!!!!!
  4. self-monitoring is key
37
Q

liraglutide

A

good amount of weight loss 6k

not associated with HTN and seizures

38
Q

diet medication and surgery weight loss

A

surgery the most weight loss but increased risk like the route

39
Q

keto diet

A

diet depends on the patient good for the jump but long term is unsure

  • type 2 diabetes we are concerned for ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia and instead recommend a DASH diet or med diet
40
Q

intermittent fasting

A

again we are worried about hypoglycemia in our patients

41
Q

paleo diet

A

lower carbohydrate intake, focuses on quality but not quantity

  • limit dairy and grains
  • we are worried about bone health
42
Q

COR 1

A

intervention should be based on this- strong evidence

  • diet to include veggies, fruits, legumes and fish
43
Q

COR 2

A

ok, evidence is sort of there

44
Q

COR 3

A

HARM!!! avoid!!!!!! trans fat is evillllll

45
Q

wasting diminished subcutaneous fat and growth failure

A

marasmus

46
Q

edema, fatty infiltration of the liver, late wasting growth failure, dermatitis - lower protein

A

kwashiorkor

47
Q

inflammation induced loss due to a underlying disease condition with loss of fat free mass, more classic anorexia

A

cachexia

48
Q

age associated loss of skeletal muscle

A

sarcopenia

49
Q

malnutrition screening tools

A
  1. SNAQ
  2. MNA
  3. MAG
50
Q

temporal wasting

A

malnutrition physical exam clue

51
Q

increased cytokines and inflammation in starvation or sepsis

A

sepsis

52
Q

if your gut works use

A

enteral nutrition

53
Q

protein catabolims leads to ____ nitrogen excretion

A

increased

54
Q

parenteral nutrion

A

IV only indicated when the gut cannot be used

  • water, macronutrients and electrolytes
55
Q

parenteral or enteral increased risk of

A

reefeding syndrome

56
Q

refeeding syndrome

A

give thiamine!!!!

replete electrolytes especially phosphate, potassium and magnesium

  • start slowly
57
Q

Formula breast milk substitute

A

different based on considerations

  • age, protein,fat or medical condition
58
Q

preterm breast milk is generally not sufficient to meet nutrients needs of the preterm infant

A

yep and HMF is used in conjuction

  • increase in specific nutrients
59
Q

brestfed infants need what type of supplementation

A

vitamin D

60
Q

older adults needs what type of supplement

A

vitamin B12

61
Q

take supplements to prevent chronic disease

A

nope, no evidence

62
Q

regulation of supplements

A

FDA once it is considered unsage

and FTA only advertising

63
Q

allergic reaction needs to be reproducible

A

yep

64
Q

mpst of IgE allergies is too

A

protein

only exception is to galactose-alpha 1.3 which comes from tics

65
Q

lower protein intake is recommended in

A

CKD patients

but CKD patients who are in dialysis we should increase protein but restrict phosphorus, potassium and sodium and fluid

66
Q

food insecurity

A

taking financial constrains into account

  • associated with chronic diseases
67
Q

in pregnancy how much calorie is needed

A

300 extra in second and third trimester

68
Q

lactation energy needs increased?

A

yep, 400 extra

but if formula is used instead no additional intake is needed

69
Q

beef increases environmental methane accumulation

A

yep mostly through belching

nutrition (14 decks)

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