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Anatomy > review > Flashcards

review Flashcards

exam 1

1
Q
A
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2
Q

what happened here?

A

avascular necrosis of femoral head

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3
Q

identify

A

A. pubic tubercle

B. lesser trochanter

C. Greater trochanter

D. Iliac Crest

E. interchonateric line

F. Obturator foramen

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4
Q

what happened here?

A

femoral neck fracture

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5
Q

what happened here?

A

hip dysplasia

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6
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7
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A

open book fracture

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8
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19
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20
Q

what is abnormal?

A

ACL

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21
Q

What is abnormal?

A

torn PCL

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22
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29
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30
Q
A

5th metatarsal tubercle—> broken

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31
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36
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37
Q
A

posterior dislocation of the femur

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38
Q

which one is abnormal and why

A

the one on the right has a achille rupture. Notice the tendon seperated from the calcaneous

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39
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What happened here?

A
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40
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42
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44
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47
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48
Q

normal or abnormal?

A

normal

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49
Q

normal or abnormal

A

abnormal- spondylitis

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50
Q

normal or abnormal

A

spondylolysis

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51
Q

normal or abnormal

A

abnormal- spondylolethesis

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52
Q

normal or abnormal

A

abnormal- spondylolethesis

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53
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54
Q

Which of the following structures does not lie in the adductor canal?

a. superficial femoral artery
b. femoral vein
c. saphenous nerve
d. great saphenous vein
e. nerve to vastus medialis

A

d. great saphenous vein

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55
Q

A 20 year old patient cannot flex and medially rotate the thigh while running and climbing. Which of the following muscles is most likely damaged?

a. semimembranosus
b. sartorius
c. rectus femoris
d. vastus lateralis
e. tensor fascia lata

A

Answer: E. The tensor fascia lata is the main muscle responsible for medial rotation of the thigh. Sartorius contributes to lateral rotation, semimembranosus contributes to extension of the thigh, and the quadriceps muscles contribute to extension of the knee.

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56
Q

A patient experiences weakness when abducting and medially rotating the thigh after an accident. Which of the following muscles is most likely damaged?

a. piriformis
b. obturator internus
c. quadratus femoris
d. gluteus maximus
e. gluteus minimus

A

Answer: E. The gluteus minimus is one of the main abductors of the thigh. It also contributes to medial rotation.

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57
Q

A construction worker is hit on the leg with a concrete block and is subsequently unable to plantarflex and invert the foot. Which of the following muscles is most likely damaged?

a. extensor digitorum longus
b. tibialis anterior
c. tibialis posterior
d. peroneus longus
e. peroneus brevis

A

Answer: C. The tibialis posterior is serves to invert the foot, is a strong plantarflexor, and maintains the arch of the foot. The EDL extends the toes, and the peroneus longus and brevis serve to evert the foot.

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58
Q

A 12 year-old female slips and falls on the bathroom floor. As a result, she has a posterior dislocation of the hip joint and a fracture of the neck of the femur.

Rupture of the ligament of the head of the femur may lead to damage to a branch of which of the following arteries?

a. medial femoral circumflex
b. lateral femoral circumflex
c. obturator
d. superior gluteal
e. inferior gluteal

A

Answer: C. The obturator artery passes through the ligamentum capitus femoris (ligament of the head of the femur). The medial and lateral circumflex arteries directly provide blood supply to the head of the femur.

59
Q

Which of the following is true of the anterior cruciate ligament?

a. It becomes tight during flexion of the leg
b. It resists posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia
c. It inserts into the medial femoral condyle
d. It helps prevent hyperflexion of the knee joint
e. It is lax when the knee is extended

A

Answer: B. The ACL serves to resist posterior displacement of the leg, it becomes tight during leg extension, limits hyperextension, and inserts into the medial tibial condyle.

60
Q

Which of the following structures contains the cell bodies of voluntary motor neurons?

a. ventral horn of gray matter
b. dorsal horn of gray matter
c. intermediolateral cell columns of gray matter
d. dorsal root ganglia
e. paravertebral ganglia

A

Answer: A. Lower motor neuron cell bodies are found in the ventral horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord.

61
Q

It is common for intervertebral disks to shrink in people older than 40 and it can result in spinal stenosis and herniation. At which locations are the spinal nerves most likely to be compressed?

a. between the denticulate ligaments
b. as they pass through the vertebral foramen
c. between the superior and inferior articular facets
d. between inferior and superior vertebral notches
e. between the superior and interior intercostovertebral jointsv

A

Answer: D. The spinal nerves exit the spinal column between the superior vertebral notch of one vertebra and the inferior vertebral notch of the superior vertebra. This space would be narrowed with the shrinkage of the IV disks.

62
Q

An X-ray of a 58 year old patient reveals that the L3 vertebra has slipped anteriorly on the L4 vertebra. What is the proper name of this condition?

a. spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis
b. spondylolisthesis
c. Hangman’s fracture
d. intervertebral disk herniation
e. von Munchhausen fracture

A

Answer: B. Spondylolisthesis refers to the dislocation of vertebrae, which is described in this scenario.

63
Q

A 25 year-old man suffers a gunshot wound to the lower part of his back and is unable to move his legs. A neurologic examination and an MRI scan reveal injury to the cauda equina. Which of the following is most likely damaged?

a. dorsal primary rami
b. ventral primary rami
c. dorsal roots of the thoracic spinal nerves
d. ventral roots of the sacral spinal nerves
e. lumbar spinal nerves

A

Answer: B. Inability to move the legs indicates damage to the ventral primary rami, those that control motor movement.

64
Q

If a person’s spinal cord is crushed at the level of the 4th lumbar spinal segment, which of the following structures would most likely be spared from destruction?

a. dorsal horn
b. ventral horn
c. intermediolateral cell column
d. gray matter
e. pia mater

A

Answer: C. The intermediolateral cell column runs roughly from T1-L2 and carries neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.

65
Q

The notochordal process lengthens by migration of cells from the

a. notochord
b. primitive streak
c. notochordal plate
d. primitive node
e. neural plate

A

Answer: D (and B).

66
Q

During development the notochordal process:

a. fuses with the underlying endoderm then later detaches
b. serves as a basis for the axial skeleton
c. serves as a basis for the axial skeleton
d. induces the formation of the neural tube
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

67
Q

gastrulation occurs in the weeks

A

3 and 4

68
Q

dermomyotomes

A

muscles and skin

69
Q

gastrulation establishes the body plan

A

cranial-caudal, dorsla-ventral adn left and right

70
Q

bilaminar germ disc

A

combination of the epiblast and hypoblast

71
Q

hypoblast becomes the

A

endoderm- lining of the GI tract

72
Q

epiblast forms the

A

ectoderm

73
Q

ectoderm gives rise to the

A

CNS and PNS

74
Q

mesoderm gives rise to

A

CT, cartilage and bone as well as smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

75
Q

axial mesoderm

A

notochord

76
Q

paraxial mesoderm form

A

somitomeres and then somites

77
Q

Segmentation

A

fundamental organizing principle for the vertebrate body

78
Q

epithelial comite form

A

slcerotome, myotome and dermatome

79
Q

sclerotome

A

vertebrae

80
Q

sclerotome

A

splits from the upper half of the somite of the vertebrae in question and lower half of the superior somite

81
Q

sclerotome in cervical is

A

different beucase of the extra cervical

82
Q

notochord forms the

A

nucleous pulposus

83
Q

epimere

A

borsal/back musculature

84
Q

hypomere

A

ventral body wall and limb musculature

85
Q

what does not split in gastrulation

A

myotome

86
Q

neurulation

A

neural plate rolls up into neural tube

87
Q

CNS forms from

A

neural tube

88
Q

PNS forms from

A

Neural crest

89
Q

Dorsal root ganglia is formed from

A

neural crest

90
Q

failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the GI leading to a megacolon

A

Hirshung’s

91
Q

lumbar-sacral plexus

A

femoral and obturator

92
Q

bony landmarks of the fermoral triangle

A

ASIS and Pubic tubercle

93
Q

femoral ring

A

femoral artery, vein and lymph

94
Q

what type if pathology is involved with the femoral ring?

A

hernia

95
Q

adductor canal borders

A

medial- v. medialis

adductor longus and sartorious

96
Q

higher risk of developing for long sedentary life and obese

A

Deep vein thrombosis

97
Q

Deep vein thrombosis can lead to

A

varicose veins

98
Q

Tredenlenburg sign

A

hips sags on unsupported side opposite to side affected

99
Q

anterior part of the glt. medius and minimus

A

medially rotate

100
Q

tensor fascia lata action

A

medially rotates

101
Q

safest area for a glut injection

A

superior-lateral quadrant

102
Q

obturator internus travels through the

A

lesser sciatic foramen

103
Q

piriforms travels through the

A

greater schiatic foramen

104
Q

cruciate anastamosis

A

medial and lateral circumflex

1st perforating

inferiro artery

105
Q

interchontrateric fracture worse than a femoral neck fracture?

A

Nope!!! does not endager the medial circumflex artery

106
Q

drain skin and subcutaneous tissue below umbilicus

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

107
Q

posterior displacment of the tibia

A

PCL

108
Q

anteriror displacement of the femure

A

PCL

109
Q

posterior displacement of the femur

A

ACL

110
Q

anterior displacment of the tibia

A

ACL

111
Q

MCL is attached to the

A

medial meniscus

112
Q

stress on medial collateral ligmaners

A

genu valgum “knock Knees”

113
Q

popliteus muscle to unlocks by

A

laterally rotating the femur and when foot is off the ground, the tibia rotates medially

114
Q

jone’s fracture

A

avulsion of the 5th metatarsal

115
Q

Shin- splints

A

compartment syndrome

116
Q

dorsalis pedis is lateral to the

A

extensor hallucis longus

117
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

poor circulation

118
Q

pudendal nerve

A

S2-S4

119
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

L5- S3

120
Q

resists anterior dislocation of the head of the femur

A

ilio-femoral ligament

121
Q

pubofemoral ligmanet prevents

A

overabduction

122
Q

which bone bears the wight in the lower limb

A

tibia

123
Q

Pott’s fracture

A

forced eversion of the foot

deltoid avulse from medial mallelous

laterl malleolus is sheared

124
Q

trimallelular fracture

A

involves the lateral malleolus, the medial malleolus, and the distal posterior aspect of the tibia, which can be termed the posterior malleolus

125
Q

forced eversion sparins the

A

delotid ligament

126
Q

high ankle sprain

A

anterior tibiofibular ligmanet and lesser extent the posterior tibifibular ligament

127
Q

cell bodies of voluntary neurons are found in the

A

vnetral horn of gray matter

128
Q

unipolar

A

dorsal root ganglia

129
Q

lumbosacral plexus is formed from the

A

ventral rami

130
Q

tranversispinalis

A

semispinalis

multifidus

rotatores

131
Q

lumbar cistern contains

A

CSF and cauda equina

132
Q

for a CSF tap what meninge layer would you not penetrate?

A

Pia

133
Q

herniation of the nucleus pulposus of an IV disc usually occurs

A

posterolaterally

134
Q

hyper-khyphosis occurs in whihc region of the spine

A

thoracic

135
Q

denticulate ligmanets run from

A

cervical to T12

136
Q

sclerotome

A

vertebral column

137
Q

fracture of a vertebra at the

A

pars interarticularis spondyolysis

138
Q

entrance of the scaral hiatus has a bony landmark called

A

cornua of sacral hiatus

139
Q

injury to the cauda equina affects the

A

ventral roots of the sacral spinal

140
Q

adamkiewicz which supplies the lower spinal cord

A

anterior segmental medullary artery

141
Q

prostate metastatis

A

internal venous plexus (outside of the dura) make connections with the spinal veins

142
Q

middle genicular artery comes from

A

the anterior side of the popliteal artery

143
Q

what structures arise from the epimere

A

erector spinae

Anatomy (16 decks)

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