Review #5

Question 1

is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people. This psychology studies how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual (or imagined) presence of others.

Answer 1

Social psychology

Question 2

refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group. In contrast to personal identity, which can be highly individualized, this assumes some commonalities with others

Answer 2

Social identity

Question 3

theory is Daryl Bem’s (1967) take on how behavior influences attitudes. According to this theory, individuals make inferences about their attitudes by observing their behavior. That is, behaviors can cause attitudes, because when we are questioned about our attitudes, we think back on our behaviors for information (view of self)

Answer 3

Self-perception theory

Question 4

According to ____, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request

Answer 4

the foot-in-the-door technique

Question 5

This states that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior in order to make sense of that behavior. the person who produces the behavior is called the actor. What theory is this?

Answer 5

Attribution theory

Question 6

meaning that we help another person to increase the chances that the person will return the favor.

Answer 6

Reciprocity

Question 7

Deficits in the functioning of the ____ are associated with aggression

Answer 7

frontal lobes of the brain

Question 8

refers to physically or verbally harming another person directly. Boys and men tend to be higher in overt aggression than girls and women

Answer 8

Overt aggression

Question 9

behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors

Answer 9

Relational aggression

Question 10

examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships. From this perspective, long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners are committed to the relationship and have invested a great deal in it—and when there are few tempting alternatives (other attractive partners) around.

Answer 10

Investment Model

Question 11

occurs when an individual’s performance improves because of the presence of others. Robert Zajonc (1965) argued that the presence of other individuals arouses us. The arousal produces energy and facilitates our performance in groups.

Answer 11

Social Facilitation

Question 12

refers to each person’s tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort. (Latané, 1981). The larger the group, the more likely it is that an individual can go without detection.

Answer 12

Social loafing

Question 13

is the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members

Answer 13

Risky Shift

Question 14

is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual’s membership in a particular group. The group can be made up of people of a specific ethnicity, sex, age, religion—essentially, people who are different in some way

Answer 14

Prejudice

Question 15

to therapy adopts the medical model, which views psychological disorders as akin to diseases requiring specific treatments, typically medications.

Answer 15

Biological approach to therapy

Question 16

biological, psychological, and social factors are all significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior. Furthermore, these ingredients may combine in unique ways, so that one depressed person might differ from another in terms of the key factors associated with the development of the disorder. (model)

Answer 16

biopsychosocial model

Question 17

is the release of emotional tension a person experiences when reliving an emotionally charged and conflicting experience.

Answer 17

Catharsis

Question 18

use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive actions. These therapists say that individuals can become aware of why they are depressed and yet still be depressed. They strive to eliminate the depressed symptoms or behaviors rather than trying to get individuals to gain insight into, or awareness of, why they are depressed

Answer 18

behavior therapies

Question 19

Precontemplation stage(occurs when individuals are not yet genuinely thinking about changing, or even aware), Contemplation stage (individuals acknowledge the problem but may not be ready to commit to change), Preparation/Determination stage (individuals are getting ready to take action), Action/Willpower stage(individuals commit to making a real behavioral change and enact an effective plan.), Maintenance stage (individuals avoid temptation and consistently pursue healthy behaviors.), and only if it happens Relapse (a return to former unhealthy patterns) are part of what model?

Answer 19

Stages of change model

Question 20

This is an individual’s belief that he or she can master a situation and produce positive outcomes( commitment to self). It affects behavior in many situations, ranging from solving personal problems to going on diets.

Answer 20

Self-efficacy