Review #2 Flashcards
small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark. Output from the allows the hypothalamus to regulate daily rhythms such as temperature and hunger and the reticular formation to regulate daily rhythms of sleep and wakefulness. (type of nucleus)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
are psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity. Among the most widely used examples are alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and opiates.
depressants
the inability to sleep. It can involve a problem in falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early. It is more common among women and older adults, as well as individuals who are thin, stressed, or depressed.
Insomnia
It can become thrown off their regular schedules. Among the circumstances of life that can introduce irregularities into our sleep are jet travel, changing work shifts, and insomnia
DESYNCHRONIZING THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
organisms learn the association between two stimuli. As a result of this association, organisms learn to anticipate events. (unconditioned is unlearned)
(conditioned is learned)
Classical conditioning
a decrease in the production of antibodies, which can lower a person’s ability to fight disease
Immunosuppression
reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed. If you take a class that has four scheduled exams, you might procrastinate most of the semester and cram just before each test
Fixed interval schedule
a system in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis
Variable-ratio schedule
is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed. Pop quizzes
Variable-interval schedule
(or implicit learning) is unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior. This learning is sometimes called incidental learning because it “just happens” as a result of experience. It happens even without reinforcement.
Latent learning
also called imitation or modeling, is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior. The capacity to learn by this way eliminates trial-and-error learning. Often this takes less time than operant conditioning.
Observational learning
in which they believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change
(failure means lack of ability)
Fixed mindset
which states that information present at the time of encoding or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue. For example, you know your instructors when they are in the classroom setting—you see them there all the time. This type of encoding…
encoding specificity principle
takes place when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. This means you take information out of storage.
Memory Retrieval
1) refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list.
2) refers to better recall for items at the end
1) Primacy effect
2) Recency effect
holds information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses. Compared this to short, short-term memory is limited in capacity, but it can store information for a longer time.
Sensory memory
the useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is said. This aspect of language allows us to use words to get the things we want.
Pragmatics
Identify the age group during which children typically understand adult literary work
15-20 years
Dr. Ambrose conducts an intelligence test, and one question asks, “ During which month of the year does the NCAA basketball championship start?” Students from various groups within the USA, as well as students from other countries, may have problems with this question because it is probably
a. generalized
b. culturally biased
c. unreliable
d. gender biased
culturally biased
____ is an individual’s level of intellectual development relative to that of others
Mental age
involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test
Standardization
involves reasoning from specific observations to generalize. People often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples
Inductive reasoning
refers to the tendency to strongly prefer to avoid losses compared to acquiring gains. We dislike the prospect of losing something we have more than we enjoy the prospect of gaining something new, even when the prospect of a gain outweighs the loss.
Loss Aversion
is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly. People with this experience numerous brief awakenings during the night so that they can breathe better, although they usually are not aware of their awakened state
Sleep apnea
which lies between active consciousness and dreaming while asleep. It is a little like dreaming while we are awake. It usually begins spontaneously when we are doing something that requires less than our full attention (mind wandering)
Day Dreaming
organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence, such as a reward. As a result of this association, organisms learn to increase behaviors that are followed by rewards and to decrease behaviors that are followed by punishment. This type of conditioning is…
Operant conditioning
a behavior decreases when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus. Examples of this include spanking a misbehaving child and scolding a spouse who forgot to call when she was running late at the office
positive punishment
refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior, in that way we want. For example, this can be used to train a rat to press a bar to obtain food.
Shaping
seeing the model punished makes the observer less likely to repeat the behavior
(type of punishment)
Vicarious punishment
Seeing a model attain a reward for an activity increases the chances that an observer will repeat the behavior
vicarious reinforcement
occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later
Proactive interference
Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are all part of ____ process
Encoding
is a person’s knowledge about the world. It includes one’s areas of expertise, general knowledge of the sort learned in school, and everyday knowledge about the meanings of words, famous individuals, important places, and common things, this is a what type of memory? (Example: knowledge of chess, of geometry, and of who the Dalai Lama, LeBron James, and Lady Gaga)
Semantic memory
is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.
(related to primary and receny effect)
Serial position effect
a language’s rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences.
Syntax
produces the single best solution to a problem. This kind of thinking means taking all of those possibilities and finding the right one for the job. (this is best when a problem has only one right answer)
Convergent Thinking
is the tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them. This is also sometimes called “Myside bias” because it is all about collecting up evidence that our views are correct.
Confirmation bias
the tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information “straight up neglect”
Base rate neglect
