Review #1 Flashcards
The ____ approach emphasizes a person’s positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one’s destiny
Humanistic approach
A therapeutic approach based on searching out unconscious motives and drives. This approach emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives, such as the drive for sex, and society’s demands, and early childhood family experiences, positive or negative
Psychodynamic Perspective
A type of study that selects an individual, group, or special event for a detailed, in-depth analysis (Example: medical records, interviews, and observations). This research method supplies a great deal of data that may concern an unusual occurrence (short term memory trauma on brain damaged people) or little-known group of people.
Case Study
The ____ involves gaining knowledge by observing events, collecting data, and reasoning logically. This method is…
empirical method
Professor Izadi is interested in determining the association between sleep and cognitive performance. He surveyed his students about the number of hours they slept the night before an exam and then correlated these scores with their test grades. he found a +.81 correlation between these two variables. What does this result mean? (-.1, 0, .+1)
There is a High positive correlation between hours of sleep and exam performance
in an experiment this is as much like the experimental group as possible and is treated in every way like the experimental group except for that change (placebo effect). This group provides a comparison against which the researcher can test the effects of the independent variable.
Control Group
Which of the following research methods allow(s) researchers to determine causality?
a. Survey Method
b. experimental studies
c. observations
d. case study
Experimental studies
is a manipulated experimental factor. This variable is the variable that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are; it is a potential cause.
Independent Variable
Keeping the control and experimental group essentially equivalent. You don’t want to have the groups be of different age, gender or IQ levels-because one of these other factors could affect the results
Random Assignment to Condition
the placebo effect is an example of a what bias?
participant bias
According to the principle of ___, researchers are responsible for keeping all of the data they gather on individuals completely confidential and, when possible, completely anonymous
Confidentiality
Researchers usually should submit their findings to a journal for review by their colleagues, who make a decision about whether to publish the paper, depending on its scientific merit. This process is known as
peer review
means thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence. These thinkers grasp the deeper meaning of ideas, question assumptions, and evaluating evidence (decide for themselves what to believe or do)
critical thinking
The cell body contains the ___, which directs the manufacture of substances that a neuron needs for growth and maintenance
nucleus
The principle that underlies the technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (long answer NOT one word)
It rest on the principle that mental activity is associated with changes in the oxygenated blood levels in the brain
mobilizes all body functions in response to stress or danger. (example: running away from danger)
sympathetic division/nervous system
It takes messages to and from the body’s internal organs, it controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. This system keeps the heart, lungs and digestive system always operating, without our conscious awareness or volition.
Autonomic Nervous System
Consisting of the brain and the spinal cord. The spinal cord though can response to incoming messages from sensory receptors, without the brain (EX: such as when you jerk your finger away from a hot burner) More than 99 percent of all our nerve cells are located here
Central Nervous System
Emma has recently started to suffer from migraine headaches and seizures, She also suffers from anxiety and depression. In the context of neurochemical messengers, what is the cause for symptoms?
too much glutamate
The ____ is sometimes referred to as the “ master gland” because almost all of its hormones direct the activity of target glands elsewhere, and is located where?
anterior pituitary gland
____ is a term used by scientist to describe the influences of multiple genes in behavior, that are passed down
Polygenic inheritance
is the individual’s observable characteristics, applies to both physical and psychological characteristics
Phenotype
is a person’s genetic heritage, his or her actual genetic material
Genotype
is the recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing.
Perceptual constancy
Two different neural pathways transmit pain messages to the brain: a fast pathway and a slow pathway. In the slow pathway…
Pain information travels through the limbic system
Study of how environmental factors such as nationality, culture, ethnicity, gender identity, and sexual orientation affect individual behavior/socialize. (Example: individual differences vs. universal principles. That is, how do we sort out which elements of behavior result from a person’s unique qualities, and which are a result of influences from their surrounding culture and society?)
Sociocultural
Scientific Method Steps: (in order)
Variable, Theory, Hypothesis, Testing the Theory/ Hypothesis, Drawing Conclusions, and EVALUATING CONCLUSIONS
in an experiment, an independent variable that is conceptually distinct but empirically inseparable from one or more other independent variables. Confounding makes it impossible to differentiate that variable’s effects in isolation from its effects in conjunction with other variables. This is also know as
Third Variable problem
consists of the participants in an experiment who receive the treatment that is of interest to the researcher, or a particular drug under study—that is, the participants who are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents.
Experimental Group
An even stronger safeguard against skewing results. In a this experiment, neither the researcher nor the participants know who is in which group.
Double Blind Experiment
tells us about the relationships between variables, and its purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together. That is, this research looks at a co-relationship. They do fail to establish a clear causal relationship between variables
Correlational Research
a person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated. For example, if researchers are interested in reactions to being treated rudely, they might have a confederate treat participant rudely (or not).
Confederate
or motor nerves, carry information out of the brain and spinal cord—that is, they carry the nervous system’s output.
Efferent Nerves
or sensory nerves, carry information to the brain and spinal cord.
afferent nerves
is part of the forebrain and is the most recently developed part of the brain in the evolutionary scheme. It is in fact the outer layer of the brain. It is in here that the most complex mental functions, such as thinking and planning, take place.
Cerebral cortex
voluntary muscle activation, it oversees voluntary movements and consciously transmitted information (tells muscles what to do). Its function is to transmit messages from sensory receptors to the brain, and to carry messages from the brain to the muscles, organs, and glands
Somatic Nervous System
is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes. The world of the person with this is deeply frightening and chaotic. (elevated levels of dopamine in the system)
schizophrenia
are natural opiates that mainly stimulate the firing of neurons. It shields the body from pain and elevate feelings of pleasure. (in shock after a car wreck)
Endorphins
are unique because they are primitive cells that have the capacity to develop into most types of human cells.
Stem Cells
