Review 2 Flashcards
social profit
if reward exceeds the punishment then the interaction will prob continue.
game theory
a mathematic & economic theory that predicts that human interaction hate characteristics of a “game”
- strategies
- winners/loser
- rewards& punishments
- profits & cost
cyberspace interaction
virtual interaction
group
2 or more people who
- interact
- share goals
- share norms
- have subject awareness as “we”
social categories
people sharing a common characteristic
- race
- gender
audiences
people who the product is made for
microlevel analysis
analysis of groups and face - to - face social influence
macrolevel analysis
analysis of formal organization and bureaucracies
dyad
2 people in a group
triad
3 people in a group
Georg Simmel
- discovered that triadic segregation
triadic segregation
behavior of group over time would change depending on if it’s between 2 or 3 people
group size effect
size of group affects the behavior of it
their personalities don’t matter
Charles Horton Cooley
a famous sociologist from Chicago school of sociology
- introduced concept of primary group
primary group
group consisting of intimate,
face - to - face interaction and
long-lasting relationships
secondary groups
larger groups
less intimate
expressive needs
intimacy,
companionship
emotional support
instrumental needs
practical
everyday needs
membership groups
individual belongs or qualifies for membership
reference groups
- use as a standard for evaluating values
- may or not belong
W.I. Thomas
- famous for elaborating on “in groups” and “out group”
in group
“us”
out group
“them”
Attribution theory
the principle that we all make inferences about the personalities of others, such as concluding what the other is “really like “
attribution error
errors made in attributing cases for people’s behavior to their membership in a particular group
Social network
set of links between individuals between groups
or between other social units
confederates
collaborators w the experimenter who only pretended to be participants
groupthink
tendency for members to reach a consensus, even if it’s stupid
risky shift
tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average individual decision made by members
deindividuation
sense that one’s merged w the group
formal organization
large secondary group highly organized to accomplish a task
Types of formal organizations
- Normative
- Coercive
- utilitarian
- bureaucracy
normative organizations
people join to pursue goals
-PTA
coercive org.
involuntary membership
utilitarian org
profit or non profit. workers get paid
bureaucracy
- authority hierarchy
- clear division of labor
- explicit rules
- impersonality
max weber
famous for coming up w “ideal type bureaucracy”
ideal type of bureaucracy
-rarly seen in reality characterized by . high degree of division of labor and specialization - hierarchy of authority -rules and regulations -career ladders -efficiency
organization chart
a diagram in the same of a pyramid that shoes the relative rank of each position plus the lines of authority between each
tenure
a guarantee of continued employment
probs with bureaucracy
- ritualism
- alienation
ritualism
accept legitimate means reject success goals
ex. go to work but don’t care to proceed
alienation
caused by bureaucracy which results
eufunctions
positive functions
dysfuncitons
negative funiton
deviance
behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms
formal deviance
behavior that breaks laws of official rules
informal deviance
behavior that violates customary norms
labeling theory
recognizes that deviance is not just in the breaking of norms or rules but also includes how people react to those behaviors
what was durkheim’s insight on deviance
deviance produces social solidarity.
- instead of breaking society up, deviance produces a pulling together or social solidarity
What are the functionalist theories of deviance
- study of suicide - durkheim
- structural strain theory - merton
- social control theory
conflict theories of deviance?
- economic organization of capitalist societies produces deviance and crime
- people are forced into crime to sustain themselves
- upper class can hide crime better as affluent groups have resources to mask their deviance and crime
symbolic interaction theories of deviance
- W.I. Thomas and the Chicago school
- differential association Theory
- labeling theory
- deviant careers
- deviant communities
forms of deviance
- mental illness
- social stigma
- substance abuse
Durkheim’s study of suicide
- criticized the psychological interpretations of why people commit suicide
- emphasized role of social structure in producing deviance
- pointed out importance of people’s social attachments onto society
- elaborated the functionalist view that deviance provides the basis for social cohesion
Emile Durkheim
functionalist perspective on deviance stems originally from his work
anomie
condition that exists when social regulations in a society break down
- controlling influences of society are no longer effective
- people exist in a state of relative normlessness
anomic suicide
occurs when the disintegrating forces in the society make the individuals feel lost or alone
altruistic suicide
occurs when there is excessive regulations of individuals by social forces
egoistic suicide
occurs when people feel totally detached form society
Merton’s Structural strain theory
- culture establishes goals for people in society
- people use accepted means to achieve the goals society establishes
- when the means are out of balance with the goals, deviance is likely to occur
retreatism deviance
occurs when neither the goals nor the means are available
ritualistic deviance
cultural goal of extreme thinness is previewed as unattainable, even though the means for trying to attain it are plentiful
- similar to an eating disorder
