Review (1-7)

Question 1

Explain the effects of the following rebellions:

Bacon, Shay, and Whiskey

Answer 1

Bacon: 1676; VA frontiersmen seeking land clashed with Native Americans; Frontiersmen demanded help from the government; Jamestown refused aid, fearing Native American War; Colonial rebellion against government authority; Clash between east/west, rich/poor.

Shay: 1786 to 1787; Unfair taxes in MA; Farms foreclosed; Farmers imprisoned as debtors; Shays & 1200 men attacked courts in western MA; State militia put down rebellion; Articles of Confederation viewed as too weak to maintain law and order; Bolstered call for revisions of Articles of Confederation

Whiskey: 1794 to 1795; Farmers in western PA refused to pay federal excise tax on whiskey; Attacked tax collectors; Farmers compared tax to Stamp Act of 1765; Washington Called for 13,000 troops to suppress the rebels ;Rebels dispersed, ceased rebellion; Put the force of the government behind the Constitution; Government could enforce the law; Constitution protected law/order; Hamilton’s idea of an energetic national government prevailed

Question 2

What was the Great Awakening and its consequences (4)?

Answer 2

Awakening: 1730 - 1740, All people were born sinners, people could be only saved by the will of God, all could be saved (black , white poor or rich) if they confessed their sins to God.

• divided churches
• Increase in religious participation
• increase in communication
• founding of educational institutions

Question 3

What were the effects of the John Peter Zenger Trial?

Answer 3

1750: Put on trial for criticizing the corrupt moral governor (Crosby); claimed that he was only printing the truth, not libel; jury ruled in favor of Zenger thus giving editors a bit more freedom as to what they could print

Question 4

What was Mercantilism?

Answer 4

Idea that colonies existed solely for the benefit of the mother country; provided raw material and resources for England; goal is to export more than import.

Question 5

What were the effects of the French and Indian War?

Answer 5

• Greater British territory and debt
• Colonial resentment
• Atmosphere of colonial unity

Question 6

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

Answer 6

Issued of October 7, 1763 and was created to alleviate relations with natives after the French and Indian War and started that Americans were not permitted to pass the Appalachian Mountains.

Question 7

Differentiate between the Treaty of Paris (1763) and the Treaty of Paris (1783).

Answer 7

Treaty of Paris (1763): Ended French and Indian War

• France give up all lands east of Miss. River to Brit, minus New Orleans
• France’s North American empire reduced to tiny fishing and sugar cane islands
• In return for Cuba, Spain would cede Florida to Britain

Treaty of Paris (1783): Ended Revolutionary War after seven years

Question 8

Who was Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty?

Answer 8

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Question 9

What happened at the first Continental Congress? The second?

Answer 9

First: (September 1774) PHILADELPHIA.
1. Met to decide if colonies should separate from England or if they could find a solution
2. Voted to end trade with Great Britain
Est. THE CONTINENTAL ASSOCIATION: Complete boycott of British goods.
Second: (MAY 1775)
1. Olive Branch Petition
2. Militia, George Washington as Commander in Chief

Question 10

What were the Committees of Correspondence?

Answer 10

Founded by Samuel Adams. Spread resistance. Intercolonial system.

Question 11

What were the features and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Answer 11

Weak legislature. No president, federal court system, power to regulate commerce, or power to raise an army. One vote. STEPPING STONE TO CONSTITUTION.

Question 12

What were the arguments of Federalists and Antifederalists in relation to the VA/NJ plans?

Answer 12

VA: Large state, strong executive branch. Rep based on state population.
NJ: Small state, weak executive. Equal rep for all states.
VA gets advantage.

Question 13

What were the pros and cons of the National Bank?

Answer 13

+Safe to tax revenues, loans to gov’t when needed, relieve scarcity of hard cash, regulate state banks, credit to expand economy.
-Advantage to rich to influence gov’t, unconstitutional if strict interpretation

Question 14

What was Hamilton’s Report on Public Credit?

Answer 14

a. Recommendations to strengthen the nation’s credit, defer paying national debt, national bonds
b. Selling stock and western land to fund the national debt
c. Federal assumption of state Revolutionary War debts

Question 15

What were the Jay and Pinckney Treaties?

Answer 15

–Jay: (1795, US/Brits) Sent to have British stop impressment and violations. But had British remove troops from America and allow access to West Indian markets.
++Pinckney: (1796, US/Spain) Won unrestricted, duty free access to world markets via Miss. River. Recognized 31st parallel, dismantle forts on US soil, and discourage Indian attacks

Question 16

What was the XYZ Affair?

Answer 16

Attempt to have France to stop seizing US ships for Britain. Sent for peace. Talleyrand refused to meet, instructed agents to barter a price for talks (250,000 and a loan for 12 million). Lead to undeclared naval war.

Question 17

What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?

Answer 17

The Alien and Sedition Acts - 1798: 4 Federalist policies aiming to protect national security
1. Alien Enemies Act: Allowed the government to deport or jail people suspected of being a threat to the nation
2. Alien Friends Act: Allowed the president to expel foreign residents whose activities he considered dangerous
3. Naturalization Act: increased the residency requirement for U.S. citizenship from 5 to 14 years
4. Sedition Act: Allegedly passed to distinguish between free speech and attempts at encouraging others to overthrow the government
a. Only one of the 4 laws that applied to U.S. citizens
b. Defined criminal activity so broadly that it forbade opposition to any U.S. measure
c. One clause actually made it illegal to write, speak, or print anything that would harm the president’s reputation
d. Federalists crafted the law so it would expire in 1801 so that it would not be turned against them if they lost the next election

Question 18

What were the VA and Kentucky resolutions?

Answer 18

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: 1798

1. Protesting Federalist policies, the Virginia and Kentucky legislatures adopted two manifestos on states’ rights written by Jefferson and Madison
2. States could judge the constitutionality of federal actions and thereby “nullify” laws they felt were unconstitutional

Question 19

Who were the authors of the Federalist Essays?

Answer 19

John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison

Question 20

What was the Enlightenment?

Answer 20

18th century euro philosophical movement that advocated the use of reason and rationality to establish a system of ethics and knowledge.

Question 21

What were the Navigation Acts?

Answer 21

-All shipping must be done on English or colonial ships
-Products such as tobacco, lumber, or sugar could only be sold to Britain or its colonies
-European imports to the colonies had to pass through English ports before foreign nations
-English officials were to ax any colonial goods from non-English ships
+Helped build American shipbuilding industry and diversification of colonial economy

Question 22

What did the Stamp Act do and cause?

Answer 22

Imposed a tax on every legal document. Unlike Sugar Act = INTERNAL TAX. The argument “no taxation without representation” rose. The colonists’ weapon were NON-IMPORTATION AGREEMENTS. Stamp Act was repealed by British in 1766.

Question 23

What was the Sugar Act?

Answer 23

Raised revenue in the colonies for the crown; among various provisions, increased duties on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Question 24

What was the Declaratory Act of 1766?

Answer 24

Affirmed Parliament’s right “to bind” the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”

Question 25

What were the Townshend Acts of 1767?

Answer 25

Light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea to be paid at American ports. Revenues would pay salaries for royal governors and judges, removed power of the purse.

Question 26

What was the Tea Act of 1773?

Answer 26

Kept taxes from Townshend Act on tea only; also, gave British East India Company monopoly on American tea. Led to Boston Tea Party.

Question 27

What was the Quartering Act?

Answer 27

One passed in 1765, one passed after the Tea Act. Required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.

Question 28

What were the Intolerable Acts of 1774? (Coercive Acts)

Answer 28

Series of laws passed to chastise Massachusetts, namely the Boston Port Act, which closed Boston Harbor until the expenses caused by the Boston Tea Party were repaid. ESTABLISHED MARTIAL LAW. Drove colonies to rebellion.

Question 29

What was the Quebec Act of 1774?

Answer 29

Quebec Act of 1774 Guaranteed French in Canada their Catholic religion and permitted them to maintain many of their old customs. Angered colonists.