Chapter 9 Flashcards
In what ways did the federal government promote western movement in the first half of the 19th century?
Give land to men if they fought in War of 1812. Military bounties. Organized funds for the extension of national road.
Five Civilized Tribes
Chreokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, Seminole
Indian Removal Act
1830, gave Jackson the authority to exchange public lands in West for Indian territories in the East
Andrew Jackson
believed Indians were subject to lawsof state they lived in = weren’t independent nations. Thus indians couldn’t hold state office.
Was considered a ruffian.
Provide specifics on why the Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Seminole nations were called the Five Civilized Tribes,
- an influential minority of mixed-bloods who embraced Christianity
- practiced agriculture
- built gristmills,
- owned slaves.
- written form of their language/bilingual newspaper
What were the specific provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830? How did it affect the 5 Civilized Tribes?
Authorized Jackson to exchange public lands in the West for Indian territories in the East. Appropriated 500,000 to cover expenses of removal. Forced Indians to exchange million acres of lands for 32 million acres of public lands.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
denied the Cherokees’ claim to status as a republic within Georgia; rather, they were a “domestic dependent nation,” a kind of ward of the United States.
Worcester v. Georgia
clarified Cherokees’ legal position. a “distinct” political community entitled to federal protection from tampering by Georgia.
Describe the immediate impact and ultimate outcomes of Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia on Native Americans.
Little impact. Difficult to enforce, Jackson ignored. In the end, forcibly removed and traveled Trail of Tears were many died.
Trail of Tears
Trail which Indians followed when forced from their land. Many died.
In what ways did the federal land policy change from 1785-1815? What were the roles of the “squatter” and the “speculator” in relation to land policy?
Change due to partisan and sectional pressures. Succession of land laws, sought to undo damage caused from before.
Ordinance of 1785 - protocol by which the western territories were to be settled and incorporated into townships. 640 acres = not individual, but groups to form towns. 1790s, the Federalist Party favored the sale of large parcels of land to wealthy speculators who bought the parcels in anticipation of their rising value, sold them in smaller pieces to farmers.
Thomas Jefferson reverse, Republicanism. Small farmers control West! The Land Law of 1800 reduced the minimum individual purchase of land, smaller and smaller.
Speculation remained an influential aspect of westward expansion. Agricultural prices grew after 1815. State banks were chartered for the express purpose of extending credit to speculators. Explosion of speculation. Squatters formed claims associations to oversee land auctions and prevent speculators from bidding up the price of land. Pressured right to buy land that they had already settled on and improved at minimum price. Allowed squatters to pay minimum price for their land in some areas.
Farmers suffered high prices and higher interest on credit at the hands of speculators farm market.
Eli Whitney
cotton gin = cleared the path for settlement of the Old Southwest. British textile industry = demand for raw cotton. Perfect weather for cotton cultivation. Brought farmers to south.
Causes of Panic of 1819? Why significant?
State banks loose practices, too many notes vs redeemable. Branches debt = forced farmers to pay loans. Economic damage, negative banks. Realize farms rely on distant markets. Search for better transportation to ease prices.
Transportation Revolution
Initiated by improving transportation to connect farmers and markets.
Robert Fulton
helped introduce the steamboat on the Hudson river. Made monolopy for ferry service.
Clermont
steamboat on Hudson River
Describe the sequence of the “transportation revolution” and its impact on America.
Sequence: steamboat - canals - railroads
Impact: More steamboats.Gibbons v. Ogden decision. Upriver navigation. Canals. After boom, railroads. Enlarged distances to share of western market. Brought business places.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Against monopoly. Ruled that Congress’s constitutional power to regulate interstate commerce applied to navigation and thus had to prevail over New York’s power to license the Livingston-Fulton monopoly.
Why were the railroads relatively slow to spread across regions?
Railroads built by private corporations vs state govs. Resorted to cost-cutting measures. Needed constant repairs due to cheapness. Cheaper to ship bulky stuff on canals.
What were the key factors that sparked urbanization in the first half of the 19th century?
Transportation revolution, development of interregional trade, city business, war stimulated manufacturing.
Explain in detail the specific causes of industrialization.
POLITICAL
Embargo Act = manufacturing.
E of GF = needed tariffs
Protected from foreign competition: NE’s output of cloth.
Environmental advantage = rivers for mills. Transportation revolution = E manufactures closer to markets in S and W.
Explain why New England led the way in industrialization.
Poor soil made agriculture an unpromising investment. War of 1812 = bad commercial economy, to invest in manufacturing. Westward migration of NE men = surplus of women = cheap industrial labor.
Urbanization
Population rose due to transportation revolution. Conditions were bad.
Samuel Slater
Designed fist cotton mill. Passed as farm laborer.
Franics Cabot Lowell
Mill’s turned out finished fabrics required one additional step, stitching into clothes. Upset traditional order of NE society. Mostly just women. Example of industrial before 1840.
Describe the life of an average mill worker.
Mainly women. New restraints. Live either in company boardinghouses or in licensed private dwellings, attend church on the Sabbath, ob- serve a 10:00 P.M. curfew, and accept the company’s “moral police.”
How much truth was there to the rags-to-riches idea?
Not much. Those who were extremely rich started out w/ considerable wealth. 5/100 started poor. Usual way: inherit, marry, invest.
Describe the changes that occurred in the economic and social status of artisans and skilled workers.
Economic
Looked to distant markets. Hired unskilled workers. Highly marketable skills = good wages. Turn to businessmen. Downslide in face of competition from cheap/unskilled labor.
Social
Same boat as unskilled due to deterioration of working conditions. Some improved, some worsened.
Interchangeable parts
Used unskilled works to make interchangeable parts to be used in any of his factory;s muskets. Captured imagination of prominent Americans = Thomas Jefferson.
Lowell System
Turned out finished fabrics. Carding and spinning strands into yarn.
Industrialization
Development of industry at an extensive scale. Little south, more in New England. Started by transportation, farming, land. markets
Describe life of free blacks.
Laws penalized blacks despite ban on slavery. No right to vote. Barred from migrating to other states/cities. Barred from public conveyances/facilities. Exlcluded from public schools/force segregation schools. Segregation was rule in northern jails, almshouses, hospitals. Social pressure = least-skilled, lowest-paying occupation. Established own churches.
