Chapter 9 Flashcards
In what ways did the federal government promote western movement in the first half of the 19th century?
Give land to men if they fought in War of 1812. Military bounties. Organized funds for the extension of national road.
Five Civilized Tribes
Chreokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, Seminole
Indian Removal Act
1830, gave Jackson the authority to exchange public lands in West for Indian territories in the East
Andrew Jackson
believed Indians were subject to lawsof state they lived in = weren’t independent nations. Thus indians couldn’t hold state office.
Was considered a ruffian.
Provide specifics on why the Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Seminole nations were called the Five Civilized Tribes,
- an influential minority of mixed-bloods who embraced Christianity
- practiced agriculture
- built gristmills,
- owned slaves.
- written form of their language/bilingual newspaper
What were the specific provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830? How did it affect the 5 Civilized Tribes?
Authorized Jackson to exchange public lands in the West for Indian territories in the East. Appropriated 500,000 to cover expenses of removal. Forced Indians to exchange million acres of lands for 32 million acres of public lands.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
denied the Cherokees’ claim to status as a republic within Georgia; rather, they were a “domestic dependent nation,” a kind of ward of the United States.
Worcester v. Georgia
clarified Cherokees’ legal position. a “distinct” political community entitled to federal protection from tampering by Georgia.
Describe the immediate impact and ultimate outcomes of Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia on Native Americans.
Little impact. Difficult to enforce, Jackson ignored. In the end, forcibly removed and traveled Trail of Tears were many died.
Trail of Tears
Trail which Indians followed when forced from their land. Many died.
In what ways did the federal land policy change from 1785-1815? What were the roles of the “squatter” and the “speculator” in relation to land policy?
Change due to partisan and sectional pressures. Succession of land laws, sought to undo damage caused from before.
Ordinance of 1785 - protocol by which the western territories were to be settled and incorporated into townships. 640 acres = not individual, but groups to form towns. 1790s, the Federalist Party favored the sale of large parcels of land to wealthy speculators who bought the parcels in anticipation of their rising value, sold them in smaller pieces to farmers.
Thomas Jefferson reverse, Republicanism. Small farmers control West! The Land Law of 1800 reduced the minimum individual purchase of land, smaller and smaller.
Speculation remained an influential aspect of westward expansion. Agricultural prices grew after 1815. State banks were chartered for the express purpose of extending credit to speculators. Explosion of speculation. Squatters formed claims associations to oversee land auctions and prevent speculators from bidding up the price of land. Pressured right to buy land that they had already settled on and improved at minimum price. Allowed squatters to pay minimum price for their land in some areas.
Farmers suffered high prices and higher interest on credit at the hands of speculators farm market.
Eli Whitney
cotton gin = cleared the path for settlement of the Old Southwest. British textile industry = demand for raw cotton. Perfect weather for cotton cultivation. Brought farmers to south.
Causes of Panic of 1819? Why significant?
State banks loose practices, too many notes vs redeemable. Branches debt = forced farmers to pay loans. Economic damage, negative banks. Realize farms rely on distant markets. Search for better transportation to ease prices.
Transportation Revolution
Initiated by improving transportation to connect farmers and markets.
Robert Fulton
helped introduce the steamboat on the Hudson river. Made monolopy for ferry service.
