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APUSH > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

Many attainments, of language to associations to architecture to inventions.

Principal author of Dec of Independence, gov of Virginia, ambassador to France, sec of state under Washington, vice-president of John Adams.

Controversial. Had a slave mistress.

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2
Q

Tone of Jefferson’s inaugural address? How did it affect the partisanship of the times?

A

The tone was conciliatory and attempted to be harmonious. However it was hostile due to the bitterness of the 1800 election (Feds vs Rep).

Since Americans accepted the federal union (federalism) and representative government (republicanism), they would develop a more harmonious spirit in politics.

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3
Q

What was Jeff’s view on race relations?

A

did not believe that blacks and whites could live permanently together. Feared a race war.

Hypocrite for race-mixing.

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4
Q

What was Jeff’s view on state power vs federal power?

A

high taxes, standing armies, and public corruption could destroy liberty by turning government into master.

prevent tyranny, state governments retain considerable authority. republic with strong local attachments = state governments would be more responsive to the popular will

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5
Q

What was Jeff’s view on the “ideal” citizen?

A

popular liberty = popular virtue = a decision to place the public good ahead of one’s private interests/exercise vigilance to keep governments from growing out of control

Most virtuous: farmers (independent - worked on own land)

Least: city people (dependent on merchants/factory owners - votes influenced)
cause corrupt like Europe

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6
Q

What were Jefferson’s actions on the national economy and the underlying reasons for them?

A

Repealed taxes.
Taxes tempt standing army - threat to liberty. Tax sucked money from farmers.

Slashed expenditures (action of spending funds).
Closed embassies overseas, reduced army.
Economy > military preparedness.

Underlying reason: Liberty! Protect Republican ideals.

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7
Q

What was the background of the “Barbary” War? What was Jefferson’s reaction? What was the outcome?

A

Background: wanted to gain respect for American flag by using navy. Pirates would demand $$ for protection from piracy.
Jefferson: Cheaper going to war.
Outcome: Death. Peace treaty with Tripoli. Half of what US paid for protection.

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8
Q

Explain what the Federalists were trying to accomplish with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1801 and the appointment of the midnight judges.

A

Reduced # of Supreme Court justices to 5. Threatened to strip Jeff to appoint a justice.
Created 16 new federal judgeships John Adams assigned last-minute (midnight).

To use judiciary as a stronghold to beat down Republicanism.

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9
Q

Sally Hemings

A

Jeff’s slave mistress. Jeff hypocrite because condemned “race-mixing” which he contributed to.

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10
Q

American Colonization Society

A

Thought of the idea to colonize blacks in Africa.
Wanted to return free men to Africa.
Scared of free men, sent to Africa.

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11
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

Declared Sup Court its authority to void and act of Congress on the grounds that it was “repugnant” to the Constitution.

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12
Q

Why was Marbury v. Madison so important to the future of the United States government? Describe the impact the Marshall Court would have on the government of the US.

A

Gave judicial review to Supreme Court, not mentioned in the constitution.

the Constitution defined the Court’s original jurisdiction and Congress could not change it by law. To say what the law is. Supreme court are, even today, the interpreters of the Constitution.

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13
Q

Describe the series of events that led to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.

A

Jeff’s goal: avoid foreign entanglements.
Not possible if European powers held land.
France held Louisiana Territory when Spain ceded it.

Jeff’s dream: EMPIRE OF LIBERTY.
Not of conquest, but of expansion of free/virtuous Americans. If France had it, then problems arose to that dream.

Mainly worried about New Orleans.

  1. France failure to subdue Santo Domingo, needed cash to commence war
  2. Termination of American rights to deposit produce in N Orleans
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14
Q

John Marshall

A

4th Chief Justice. His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law.

Federalist.

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15
Q

Judicial review

A

review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.

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16
Q

What were Jeff’s concerns about the Louisiana Purchase? How did Jefferson justify the Louisiana Purchase despite his concerns?

A

Strict interpretation. Could the president purchase land? But committed to principle of establishing EMPIRE OF LIBERTY.

Strict construction/interpretation was not an end but a means to promote republican liberty.
Also, Federalists were wary.

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17
Q

What were the goals of the Lewis and Clark expedition?

A

LEARN:
Learn Indian languages and customs, climate, birds, reptiels, and insects.
GEOGRAPHY:
Trace Missouri River to its source, cross western highlands, follow best waterr route to the Pacific.

ABOVE ALL: find water route across continent. Boost trade!

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18
Q

What obstacles did Lewis and Clark face? What were the outcomes and their significance?

A

Finding food, traveling in unknown land. Unreliable guide.

Outcomes:
Mass of scientific information. (300 miles of mountains from Missouri from Columbia)

Tall tales! Expedition’s drawings of geography of region led to more accurate maps and heightened interest in the West.

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19
Q

Sacajawea

A

Wife of French-Canadian fur trader (hired by Louis/Clark). 16~. First gave birth to a son. Made up for guide’s failings.

Showed L/C how to forage for artichokes/plants by digging into dens were rodents stored them.

Rescued expedition’s scientific instruments after a boat capsized.

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20
Q

Burr-Hamilton Duel

A

Burr suffered reverses/revoked authority. Talked with high Federalists. Plot to severe union by forming a pro-British N Confederacy. Burr chosen as leader.

Hamilton

  1. thwarted Burr’s plans for presidency, throwing weight behind Jefferson
  2. published opinion of Burr

Duel! Killed Hamilton.

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21
Q

Aaron Burr conspiracy

A

An effort to capture Spanish possessions in the Southwest or to engineer the secession of western states from the Union, or both.

A puzzling man.

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22
Q

Chesapeake-Leopard affair

A

Anglo-French war outlawed virtually all US trade.
British impressment. Leopard attacked American naval vessel Chesapeake, forced it to surrender.

Seized four supposed deserters.

Never before asserted their rights to seize deserters off US navy ships. Enraged country.

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23
Q

Embargo Act of 1807

A

prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign ports. Described as “secessions from civilized world”.

Advocated as means of peaceable coercion.

Hoped to pressure both nations into respecting American neutrality.

Nope.

British found new markets in South America.
Huge economic failure. But began to make products.

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24
Q

James Madison

A

Fourth president. Republican. 5’4. Brought intelligence and capacity for systematic thought.

Like Jeff, liberty = virtue of people = growth/prosperity of agriculture = vitality of trade

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25
Q

Non-Intercourse Act

A

Replaced Embargo Act (which failed because trade with Canada). Opened trade to all nations except Britain and France. Authorized Congress to restore trade with those nations if they stopped violating neutral rights.

Neither worked.

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26
Q

Macon’s Bill No. 2

A

Substituted Non-Intercourse Act. Opened trade with Britain and France. Offered bribe: either repealed its restrictions on neutral shipping, the United States would halt trade with the other.

27
Q

Why were the war hawks upset?

A

S and W, honor! Angry at insults to American flag. Convinced that British policies were wrecking economies.

28
Q

Who were war hawks?

A

Malcontent Republicans.

wanted:
expulsion of the British from Canada
Spanish from the Floridas
demands merged with western settlers’ fears that the British in Canada were recruiting Indians to halt the march of American settlement.
ACTUALLY American policy (not meddling by the British) was the source of bloodshed on the frontier.

29
Q

Henry Clay

A

Led War Hawks, 34 yrs old. Did not like war. of Kentucky. Elected to Speaker of the House.

30
Q

John C. Calhoun

A

Member of War Hawks, of South Carolina.

31
Q

Tecumseh

A

Shawnee chief. Wanted to unite tribes in Ohio/Indiana Territory against American settlers.

32
Q

What were the underlying causes of the Battle of Tippecanoe?

A

Republican ideals. Indians and white could live together if Indians abandoned hunting/monadic ways for farming.

Wanted more settlers. Can’t do that if Indians own it. Treaty of Fort Wayne, a few Indians ceded land.

Tried to negotiate. Battle!

33
Q

Why did the Treaty of Fort Wayne infuriate Tecumseh?

A

Believed that Indian lands belonged collectively to all tribes and could not be sold by needy splinter groups.

34
Q

Who were the key leaders of both sides in the Battle of Tippecanoe?

A

Tecumseh and William Henry Harrison.

35
Q

What was the significance of the battle’s outcome?

A

Harrison national hero, election a president.
Discredited Tenskwatawa.
Tecumseh into position of leadership among western tribes.
Persuaded Tecumseh that alliance with British was only hope to stop spread of American settlement.

36
Q

What were the reasons to go to war in 1812?

A

impressment, the continued presence of British ships in American waters, and British violations of neutral rights as grievances that justified war. British incitement of the Indians as a stimulus for war. British policy = Economic recession.

37
Q

Not for war 1812?

A

Vote for war followed party lines. Republicans advocated war, Federalists did not.
Hindered trade with Britain.

38
Q

Why was Canada the primary target in the War of 1812?

A

Was a key prop to the British Empire. Alliance with Indians, land.

39
Q

Would you say the United States was successful in the Canada Campaign?

A

Lost many battles. Managed to succeed to invade in Canada a little bit, but faltered. New reinforcements. Failure.

40
Q

Describe the British attack on Washington D.C. in 1814.

A

First designed as a diversion. Landed near Washington. Battle of Bladensburg “Bladensburg races”. Descended on Washington. Madison and wife escaped. Set fire to mansion.

41
Q

William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe and the Thames

A

Made him national hero. Battle on Shawnee encampment.

42
Q

Oliver H. Perry and the Battle of Lake Erie

A

Fleet of vessels, destroyed British squadron at Put-In-Bay. Lost control of Lake Erie. One of few successes in attempt to invade Canada.

43
Q

Burning of Washington DC

A

Firstly diversion. Then Bladensburg. Then Washington. Ate food. Burned mansion.

44
Q

Treaty of Ghent

A

Negotiations to end war commenced between British and American commissioners at Ghent, Belgium.
Restored STATUS QUO ANTE BELLUM. The state of things before the war.
Neither gained/lost territory.
Fixed a boundary between US and Canada.
Nothing about impressment.
No war, no neutral (no more neutral rights).

45
Q

Who were the American delegates at the Treaty of Ghent?

A

Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, and John Quincy Adams.

46
Q

What was the significance of the Battle of New Orleans?

A

Little significance for diplomats. (Diplomat: dealing w/ people of other countries)

Had effect on domestic politics by eroding Federalist strength. (Feds mostly in New England)

47
Q

Hartford Convention

A

Federalist convention. Some wanted secession. Belief that New Englanders become permanent minority. Dominanted by s Republicans > failed to understand commerical interests.

Convention: amend Constitution abolish 3/5ths clause (gave south disproportionate share of votes). Require 2/3rds of Congress

  1. declare war
  2. admit new states into Union
  3. single term president
  4. prohibit election of 2 successive presidents from same state
  5. bar embargoes lasting 60+

GOAL: assert state rights rather disunion
>traitorous plot

48
Q

Short term significances of War of 1812.

A

Whitewash clear smoke: White House.
Francis Scott Key: Star Spangled Banner
Andrew Jackson: legend

49
Q

Long term significance of War of 1812.

A
  1. Eliminated Federalist as national political force
  2. Republicans were convinced more that nation was strong, capable of fighting w/ maintaining liberty.
  3. Rep embraced doctrines associated with Deds because Feds were no longer a force, no fear of fragile republic
50
Q

Describe American System

A

aim = young nation > economically self sufficient free from dependence of Europe.

  1. a tariff to protect and promote American industry
  2. a national bank to foster commerce
  3. federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other ‘internal improvements’ to develop profitable markets for agriculture
51
Q

“Era of Good Feelings” misnomer?

A

Was because warm reception to President Monroe as he toured New England. Wanted to heal political divisions.
But because Madison’s veto of internal-improvements = showed disagreements baout role of fed gov under Constitution. Continuation of slavery did was causing sectional animosities that “good feelings” could not dispel.
Postwar peace unraveled soon.

52
Q

Dartmouth College v Woodward

A

whether New Hampshire could transform a private corporation, Dartmouth College, into a state university. College’s original charter = contract. Constitution forbade states to interfere with contracts. The change was unconstitutional.

Once a state had chartered a college/business: surrendered power to alter charter/regulate beneficiary.

53
Q

What does charter mean?

A

a written grant by a country’s legislative or sovereign power, by which an institution such as a company, college, or city is created and its rights and privileges defined.

54
Q

McCulloch v Maryland

A

Issue: state of Maryland had the power to tax a national corporation, specifically the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the United States.
Loose interp. “the power to tax involves the power to destroy,” Maryland’s tax was unconstitutional.

55
Q

Panic of 1819

A

2nd Bank of US, tightened loan policies during summer of 1818.
Contraction of Credit triggered Panic of 1819. Especially western farmers.
Placed bank beyond regulatory power of any state government.
Stripped state governments of the power to impose will of their people on corporations.

56
Q

Background of the Missouri compromise?

A

Missouri attracted southerners. NY Rep prohibited the further introduction of slaves and provided for the emancipation, at age twenty-five, of all slave offspring born after Missouri’s admission as a state.
Sectional division. 11 free vs 11 slave. Missouri as slave would upset balance. Would set precedent for extension of slavery into N part of Purchase. Disintegration of Feds as national force reduced need for unity among Reps, heeded sectional pressure vs party loyalty.

57
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

Threats of civil war. Congressional agreements 1820/1821 Missouri Compromise.
1. preserved balance between slave/free states
>Missouri statehood, Maine free state
2. preMiss constitution: prohibit free blacks _ fed Cons provision citz of one state same as other. Barred Miss admission.

SECOND Missouri Compromise prohibited from discriminating against citizens of other states but left open the issue of whether free blacks were citizens.

58
Q

Missouri Compromise outcomes:

A

Viewed as Southern victory.
-gained admission of Missouri, acceptance of slavery was controversial.
Reinforced principle, originally set down by NW Ordinance of 1787, that Congress had the right to prohibit slavery in some territories.

59
Q

2 agreements Monroe administration secured US Canada border

A

Rush-Bagot Treaty. Demilitarized Great Lakes.
Convention of 1818: fixed boundary between US and Canada.
Secure border w/ British-controlled Canada since independence. And a claim to the Pacific.

60
Q

John Quincy Adams

A

Secretary of state, extraordinary diplomat. Austere, scholarly man. Library equaled house in momentary value, tough negotiator and fervent nationalist (political independence for country).
Moved to strengthen peace with Great Britain.

61
Q

Rush-Bagot Treaty

A

demilitarized Great Lakes, restricted # of ships that US/UK could maintain there.

62
Q

Adams-Onis

A

(or Transcontinental) Treaty. Spain ceded E Flordia to US, renounced claims to West Florida, agreed to southern border of US. Left uS free to pursue Oregon.

63
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

Background: Spanish worried about own revolutions. Sought help from Holy Alliance which stopped revolutions. British and US issue a joint statement opposing European interference in S America. Would not add Spain’s old empire to New World.

Purpose: own declaration of policy, rejected British join pledge. Adams wanted freedom to annex Texas or Cuba

  1. US policy was to abstain from European wars
  2. were not subjects for future colonization of any European power
  3. construe (interpret) any attempt at European colonization in the New World as an unfriendly act

APUSH (9 decks)

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