Reversible + Irreversible Injury - Necrosis + Apoptosis

Question 1

_________ changes occur in < 6 hrs

Answer 1

Ultrastructural

Question 2

_________ changes occur within 6-12 hrs

Answer 2

Histological

Question 3

________ changes occur in 1-2 days

Answer 3

Gross

Question 4

When detecting cell injury, __________ changes happen first

Answer 4

Biochemical alterations

Question 5

What are examples of reversible cell injury?

Answer 5

1. Cell swelling
2. Fatty changes (lipidosis)

Question 6

What are examples of irreversible cell injury?

Answer 6

1. Necrosis
2. Apoptosis

Question 7

What is another term used for acute cell swelling of the epidermis?

Answer 7

Ballooning degeneration

Question 8

What is the gross appearance of acute cell swelling?

Answer 8

1. Swollen organ with smooth edges
2. Pallor (pale)
3. Heavy, wet organ

Question 9

How can you differentiate cell swelling from lipidosis?

Answer 9

Lipidosis - nucleus is displaced to the edges of the cell

Cell swelling - nucleus remains in the center, cells are large with pale cytoplasm

Question 10

The initial etiology of acute cell swelling is ___________

Answer 10

Malfunction of Na/K pump

Question 11

Which cells are commonly affected by acute cell swelling?

Answer 11

1. Cardiomyocytes
2. Hepatocytes
3. Proximal tubule / kidney
4. Neurons

Question 12

Which cells are susceptible to lipidosis?

Answer 12

1. Liver
2. Cardiac and skeletal muscle
3. Kidneys

Question 13

What are the main causes of fatty changes?

Answer 13

1. hypoxia
2. Toxicity
3. Metabolic disorders

Question 14

What is the pathogenesis of fatty liver?

Answer 14

1. Excess FFA delivery
2. Decreased oxidation or use of FFAs
3. Impaired synthesis of apoprotein
4. Impaired combo of triglycerides and proteins to form lipoproteins
5. Impaired release of lipoproteins from hepatocytes

• obesity, starvation, diabetes mellitus

Question 14

What is the gross appearance of hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 14

1. Soft, friable tissue
2. Greasy
3. May float in fixative
4. Round edges
5. Yellow color
6. ** reticular pattern

Question 15

What are examples of physiologic hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 15

1. Pregnancy
2. Early lactation

** needs lots of fats and energy during this time - mobilization of fat

Question 16

What genetic disorder can cause hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 16

Niemann Pick disease - a lysosomal storage disease

Question 17

__________ is accompanied by inflammation, while ________ is not

Answer 17

Necrosis, apoptosis

Necrosis - Inflamm!!
Apoptosis - NO INFLAMM, cell shrinks

Question 18

True or False: Necrosis can be pathologic or physiologic

Answer 18

FALSE

**true for apoptosis

Question 19

__________ refers to a cell with a fragmented nucleus

Answer 19

Karyorrhectic cell

Question 20

_________ refers to a cell with a condensed, small nucleus

Answer 20

Pyknotic cell

Question 21

_______ refers to a cell with a loosely, dissolved, fading nucleus

Answer 21

Karyolytic cell

Question 22

What types of oncotic necrosis are there?

Answer 22

1. Coagulative necrosis
2. Caseous necrosis
3. Liqufactive necrosis
4. Gangrenous necrosis
5. Fat necrosis
6. Fibrinoid necrosis

Question 23

What tissues are more susceptible to coagulative necrosis?

Answer 23

1. Liver
2. Kidney
3. Heart
4. Skeletal muscle

Question 24

How can you tell a kidney has coagulative necrosis

Answer 24

INFARCTS!! - wedge shaped lesion

Question 25

_______ necrosis occurs in tissues with high lipid content, like the ________

Answer 25

Liquefactive, CNS (brain + spinal cord)

Question 26

_______________ is necrosis of the white matter of the brain

Answer 26

Leukoencephalomalacia **liquefactive necrosis

Question 27

_______________ is necrosis of the gray matter of the brain

Answer 27

Polioencephalomalacia **liquefactive necrosis

Question 28

_______________ is necrosis of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Answer 28

Poliomyelomalacia **liquefactive necrosis

Question 29

_______________ is necrosis of the white matter of the spinal cord

Answer 29

Leukomyelomalacia **liquefactive necrosis

Question 30

What is an etiology of polioencephalomalacia?

Answer 30

1. Thiamine (B1) deficiency 2. Lead poisoning

Question 31

What is an etiology of Leukoencephalomalacia?

Answer 31

1. Ingestion of moldy corn containing fusarium verticilioide

Question 32

What is an etiology of poliomyelomalacia?

Answer 32

Viruses

Question 33

Frostbite is an etiology for ____________

Answer 33

Gangrenous necrosis

Question 34

What is wet gangrene associated with?

Answer 34

BacT infection Ex: mastitis in goat

Question 35

What does caseous necrosis look like on histo?

Answer 35

Pink center of eosinophils surrounded by a basophilic rim of inflammatory cells **no neutrophils tho

Question 36

What are the 3 types of fat necrosis?

Answer 36

1. Enzymatic necrosis 2. Traumatic necrosis of fat 3. Necrosis of abd fat