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Sem 3: Path 1 > Disorders of Circulation- Valentine > Flashcards

Disorders of Circulation- Valentine Flashcards

1
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

arrest of haemorrhage by vasoconstriction and coagulation

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2
Q

___________ is the physical barrier between the intravascular and extravascular spaces

A

Vascular endothelium

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3
Q

___________ is the space between the tissue compartments

A

Interstitium / Interstitial space

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4
Q

___________ is the medium through which all metabolic products must pass between the microcirculation and the cells

A

Interstitium / Interstitial space

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5
Q

What is the interstitium made up of?

A

Usually connective tissue

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6
Q

Total body water makes up ______ % of total body weight

A

60%

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7
Q

The extracellular fluid makes up _____%

A

20%

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8
Q

The intracellular space makes up ______ %

A

40%

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9
Q

Interstitial fluid and plasma are part of what fluid compartment?

A

Extracellular (20%)

Plasma (5%), Interstitial fluid (15%)

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10
Q

Water distribution between _________ and _________ is primarily determined by hydrostatic and osmotic pressure differences between the 2 compartments

A

Plasma and the interstitium

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11
Q

Related to osmotic pressure, what happens when there is a loss of plasma?

A

Conc of albumin and oncotic pressure increases and as a result excess fluid is reabsorbed back into the vasculature

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12
Q

Where is hydrostatic pressure lower?

A

Venous end of the capillary

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13
Q

What are circulatory disturbances? (7)

A
  1. Edema
  2. Hyperemia + Congestion
  3. Hemostasis
  4. Hemorrhage
  5. Thrombosis, Embolism, DIC
  6. Infarction
  7. Shock
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14
Q

What are the types of edema?

A
  1. Inflammatory (inc. vascular permeability)
  2. Non inflammatory, generalized edema
  3. Non inflammatory, local edema
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15
Q

What mechanism is involved in non inflammatory generalized edema?

A
  1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. Decreased oncotic pressure
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16
Q

What mechanism is involved in non inflammatory local edema?

A

Failure of lymphatic clearance

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17
Q

Definition of Edema:

A
  • abnormal accumulation of excess extracellular fluid in the interstitial space
  • fluid outside of both vascular and cellular compartments
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18
Q

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability would be associated with which type of edema?

A

Inflammatory edema

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19
Q

Right sided congestive heart failure (CHF) is an example of?

A

Generalized non inflammatory edema

due impaired venous blood flow (congestion) resulting in increased hydrostatic pressure

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20
Q

A tightly bandaged limb is an example of?

A

Localized non inflammatory edema

due impaired venous blood flow (congestion/occlusion) resulting in increased hydrostatic pressure

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21
Q

What are some examples that can result in generalized edema from decreased oncotic pressure?

A

Hypoproteinemia

  1. Starvation / GI malabsorption
  2. Liver failure (cant make proteins)
  3. Glomerular disease (proteins leaking into urine)
  4. Intestinal mucosal damage (protein loosing enteropathy)
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22
Q

Examples of how lymphatics can be damaged or obstructed, resulting in localized non inflammatory edema?

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Neoplasms
  3. Inflammation
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23
Q

What type of fluid is present in congestive heart failure?

A

Transudate

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24
Q

What type of fluid can be found with protein loosing enteropathy?

A

Transudate

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25
Bottle jaw is an example of _______ edema. Describe pathogenesis
Non inflammatory generalized edema Due to proteins not being absorbed from diet Ex: Starvation or GI malabsorption
26
A dog got stung by a bee resulting in edema. What type?
Inflammatory edema due to increased vascular permeability
27
Gross appearance of edema?
1. Wet 2. Gelatinous 3. Heavy 4. Fluid seeping out from cut surfaces 5. May be yellow
28
Common locations that are indicative of generalized edema?
1. Brisket 2. Bottle jaw 3. Subcutis of the limbs ("stocking up")
29
Why do sheep get submandibular edema?
Severe GI parasitism and hypoproteinemia
30
Clear fluid in a horses hindlimb is an example of __________
Generalized edema due to protein loosing enteropathy
31
What is pitting edema?
When you apply pressure to an area of edema and it results in a depression or dent
32
Generalized edema in the abdominal cavity is called _________
Hydroabdomen / Ascites
33
Generalized edema in the thoracic cavity is called _________
Hydrothorax (sometimes called pleural effusion)
34
Generalized edema in the pericardium is called _________
Hydropericardium
35
_______ is transudate within the peritoneal cavity
Ascites or hydroperitoneum
36
What is mulberry heart disease? Describe the appearance
Pericardial effusion from inflammatory edema - Cloudy, opaque exudate around the heart with fibrin strands
37
Histological appearance of edema?
1. Spaces distended 2. Lymphatics dilated 3. Collagen bundles separated 4. Blood vessels filled with RBCs 5. Eosinophilic (proteinaceous) if inflamm edema
38
What is anasarca?
Generalized edema with accumulation of fluid within SQ tissue Due to in utero viral infections, drug toxicities, and developmental anomalies
39
A pregnant animal infected with bovine viral diarrhea could result in ________
Anasarca - generalized edema with profuse accumulation of fluid within SQ tissue can cause developmental anomalies
40
Gross appearance of pulmonary edema?
1. Lungs are swollen, heavy, and wet 2. Interlobular septa are distended w fluid 3. Froth in airways on cut surface
41
Frothy fluid in the trachea could indicate _________
Pulmonary edema
42
Haemorrhage into the joints is called ________
Haemarthrosis
43
Haemorrhage into the anterior chamber of the eye is called ________
Hyphaema
44
Haemorrhage from the nose is called ________
Epistaxis
45
Haemorrhage from the lungs is called ________
Haemoptysis
46
Left sided heart failure is associated with _________ edema. While right sided heart failure is associated with ________ edema
Left sided heart failure = pulmonary edema Right sided heart failure = non inflamm generalized edema *both due to increased hydrostatic P*
47
Is exudate or transudate present in mulberry heart disease?
Exudate
48
In pulmonary edema, what can be seen on histology, and what stain is used?
Presence of siderophages = alveolar macs filled with hemosiderin Use Iron (Perl's) stain **IMPT**
49
Gross appearance of cerebral edema?
-heavy brain -narrow sulci -swollen and flattened gyri
50
Causes of cerebral edema?
1. Trauma 2. Obstruction of venous flow 3. Inflammation
51
What is a **cerebral herniation**?
Herniation of caudal cerebral cortex, ,beneath the **tentorium cerebelli**
52
What is **cerebellar coning**?
Herniation of the cerebellum through the **foramen magnum**
53
What is the histological appearance of cerebral edema?
-expansion of the Virchow-Robin spaces
54
The clinical significance of edema is dependent upon:
extent, location, and duration
55
Examples of physiological hyperemia?
1. Exercise 2. Digestion 3. Cooling down
56
__________ is an active process
Hyperemia
57
_________ is a passive process
Congestion
58
Characteristics of hyperemia?
-Active process -Blood in oxygenated and red -Arteriolar mediated
59
Characteristics of congestion?
-passive process -decreased venous outflow -blood is NOT oxygenated (cynotic)
60
The term for coughing blood is __________
Hemoptysis
61
The term for vomiting blood is _________
Hematemesis
62
Gross appearance of hyperemia?
- Red - Swelling - Warmth - Localized change
63
Gross appearance of congestion?
- Dark red to blue/black color - Cooler tissues than normal - Cut surfaces ooze blood - Wet due to accompanying edema
64
Pulmonary congestion is due to ______ sided heart failure
left
65
Nutmeg liver is a result of ___________
Right sided heart failure *chronic hepatic congestion*

Sem 3: Path 1 (9 decks)

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