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Sem 3: Path 1 > Disorders of Circulation- Valentine > Flashcards

Disorders of Circulation- Valentine Flashcards

1
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

arrest of haemorrhage by vasoconstriction and coagulation

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2
Q

___________ is the physical barrier between the intravascular and extravascular spaces

A

Vascular endothelium

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3
Q

___________ is the space between the tissue compartments

A

Interstitium / Interstitial space

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4
Q

___________ is the medium through which all metabolic products must pass between the microcirculation and the cells

A

Interstitium / Interstitial space

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5
Q

What is the interstitium made up of?

A

Usually connective tissue

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6
Q

Total body water makes up ______ % of total body weight

A

60%

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7
Q

The extracellular fluid makes up _____%

A

20%

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8
Q

The intracellular space makes up ______ %

A

40%

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9
Q

Interstitial fluid and plasma are part of what fluid compartment?

A

Extracellular (20%)

Plasma (5%), Interstitial fluid (15%)

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10
Q

Water distribution between _________ and _________ is primarily determined by hydrostatic and osmotic pressure differences between the 2 compartments

A

Plasma and the interstitium

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11
Q

Related to osmotic pressure, what happens when there is a loss of plasma?

A

Conc of albumin and oncotic pressure increases and as a result excess fluid is reabsorbed back into the vasculature

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12
Q

Where is hydrostatic pressure lower?

A

Venous end of the capillary

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13
Q

What are circulatory disturbances? (7)

A
  1. Edema
  2. Hyperemia + Congestion
  3. Hemostasis
  4. Hemorrhage
  5. Thrombosis, Embolism, DIC
  6. Infarction
  7. Shock
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14
Q

What are the types of edema?

A
  1. Inflammatory (inc. vascular permeability)
  2. Non inflammatory, generalized edema
  3. Non inflammatory, local edema
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15
Q

What mechanism is involved in non inflammatory generalized edema?

A
  1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. Decreased oncotic pressure
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16
Q

What mechanism is involved in non inflammatory local edema?

A

Failure of lymphatic clearance

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17
Q

Definition of Edema:

A
  • abnormal accumulation of excess extracellular fluid in the interstitial space
  • fluid outside of both vascular and cellular compartments
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18
Q

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability would be associated with which type of edema?

A

Inflammatory edema

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19
Q

Right sided congestive heart failure (CHF) is an example of?

A

Generalized non inflammatory edema

due impaired venous blood flow (congestion) resulting in increased hydrostatic pressure

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20
Q

A tightly bandaged limb is an example of?

A

Localized non inflammatory edema

due impaired venous blood flow (congestion/occlusion) resulting in increased hydrostatic pressure

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21
Q

What are some examples that can result in generalized edema from decreased oncotic pressure?

A

Hypoproteinemia

  1. Starvation / GI malabsorption
  2. Liver failure (cant make proteins)
  3. Glomerular disease (proteins leaking into urine)
  4. Intestinal mucosal damage (protein loosing enteropathy)
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22
Q

Examples of how lymphatics can be damaged or obstructed, resulting in localized non inflammatory edema?

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Neoplasms
  3. Inflammation
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23
Q

What type of fluid is present in congestive heart failure?

A

Transudate

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24
Q

What type of fluid can be found with protein loosing enteropathy?

A

Transudate

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25
Q

Bottle jaw is an example of _______ edema. Describe pathogenesis

A

Non inflammatory generalized edema

Due to proteins not being absorbed from diet

Ex: Starvation or GI malabsorption

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26
Q

A dog got stung by a bee resulting in edema. What type?

A

Inflammatory edema due to increased vascular permeability

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27
Q

Gross appearance of edema?

A
  1. Wet
  2. Gelatinous
  3. Heavy
  4. Fluid seeping out from cut surfaces
  5. May be yellow
28
Q

Common locations that are indicative of generalized edema?

A
  1. Brisket
  2. Bottle jaw
  3. Subcutis of the limbs (“stocking up”)
29
Q

Why do sheep get submandibular edema?

A

Severe GI parasitism and hypoproteinemia

30
Q

Clear fluid in a horses hindlimb is an example of __________

A

Generalized edema due to protein loosing enteropathy

31
Q

What is pitting edema?

A

When you apply pressure to an area of edema and it results in a depression or dent

32
Q

Generalized edema in the abdominal cavity is called _________

A

Hydroabdomen / Ascites

33
Q

Generalized edema in the thoracic cavity is called _________

A

Hydrothorax (sometimes called pleural effusion)

34
Q

Generalized edema in the pericardium is called _________

A

Hydropericardium

35
Q

_______ is transudate within the peritoneal cavity

A

Ascites or hydroperitoneum

36
Q

What is mulberry heart disease? Describe the appearance

A

Pericardial effusion from inflammatory edema

  • Cloudy, opaque exudate around the heart with fibrin strands
37
Q

Histological appearance of edema?

A
  1. Spaces distended
  2. Lymphatics dilated
  3. Collagen bundles separated
  4. Blood vessels filled with RBCs
  5. Eosinophilic (proteinaceous) if inflamm edema
38
Q

What is anasarca?

A

Generalized edema with accumulation of fluid within SQ tissue

Due to in utero viral infections, drug toxicities, and developmental anomalies

39
Q

A pregnant animal infected with bovine viral diarrhea could result in ________

A

Anasarca - generalized edema with profuse accumulation of fluid within SQ tissue

can cause developmental anomalies

40
Q

Gross appearance of pulmonary edema?

A
  1. Lungs are swollen, heavy, and wet
  2. Interlobular septa are distended w fluid
  3. Froth in airways on cut surface
41
Q

Frothy fluid in the trachea could indicate _________

A

Pulmonary edema

42
Q

Haemorrhage into the joints is called ________

A

Haemarthrosis

43
Q

Haemorrhage into the anterior chamber of the eye is called ________

A

Hyphaema

44
Q

Haemorrhage from the nose is called ________

A

Epistaxis

45
Q

Haemorrhage from the lungs is called ________

A

Haemoptysis

46
Q

Left sided heart failure is associated with _________ edema. While right sided heart failure is associated with ________ edema

A

Left sided heart failure = pulmonary edema

Right sided heart failure = non inflamm generalized edema

both due to increased hydrostatic P

47
Q

Is exudate or transudate present in mulberry heart disease?

A

Exudate

48
Q

In pulmonary edema, what can be seen on histology, and what stain is used?

A

Presence of siderophages = alveolar macs filled with hemosiderin

Use Iron (Perl’s) stain

IMPT

49
Q

Gross appearance of cerebral edema?

A

-heavy brain

-narrow sulci

-swollen and flattened gyri

50
Q

Causes of cerebral edema?

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Obstruction of venous flow
  3. Inflammation
51
Q

What is a cerebral herniation?

A

Herniation of caudal cerebral cortex, ,beneath the tentorium cerebelli

52
Q

What is cerebellar coning?

A

Herniation of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum

53
Q

What is the histological appearance of cerebral edema?

A

-expansion of the Virchow-Robin spaces

54
Q

The clinical significance of edema is dependent upon:

A

extent, location, and duration

55
Q

Examples of physiological hyperemia?

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Digestion
  3. Cooling down
56
Q

__________ is an active process

A

Hyperemia

57
Q

_________ is a passive process

A

Congestion

58
Q

Characteristics of hyperemia?

A

-Active process
-Blood in oxygenated and red
-Arteriolar mediated

59
Q

Characteristics of congestion?

A

-passive process
-decreased venous outflow
-blood is NOT oxygenated (cynotic)

60
Q

The term for coughing blood is __________

A

Hemoptysis

61
Q

The term for vomiting blood is _________

A

Hematemesis

62
Q

Gross appearance of hyperemia?

A
  • Red
  • Swelling
  • Warmth
  • Localized change
63
Q

Gross appearance of congestion?

A
  • Dark red to blue/black color
  • Cooler tissues than normal
  • Cut surfaces ooze blood
  • Wet due to accompanying edema
64
Q

Pulmonary congestion is due to ______ sided heart failure

A

left

65
Q

Nutmeg liver is a result of ___________

A

Right sided heart failure

chronic hepatic congestion

Sem 3: Path 1 (9 decks)

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